genetics new material for final exam

what are prions?

proteinaceous infectious particles

What is the normal form of a prion

PrPC

what is the abnormal form of prions

PrPsc

why are abnormal prions bad

caan cause disease , because they spread by converting normal proteins into the abnormal shape

malignant cancer

invasive

metastatic cancer

migratory

multi-step process

starts as a benign growth and progresses as malignant and metastatic

ancogens

promote cancer by keeping cell growth signaling pathways permanently on

tumor suppressing gene

normally prevent cancerous growth. Inherited forms of cancer often involve defects in these genes.

Personalized medicine

using a patients genotype to select specific treatments, such as molecular profiling to predict drug effectiveness

microevolution

changes in allele frequency in a population over time

macroevolution

evolutionary events leading to speciation

hardy Weinberg equilibrium

Predicts that allele or genotype frequencies remain constant if these assumptions are met

what are the assumptions of the Hardy Weinburg equillibrium

Large population, no selection, no migration, no mutation, and panmixia

what is panmixia

random amting

what are the equations for Hardy Weinburg

p+q=1 and p² +2pq + q²

Mating patterns

inbreeding increase homozygosity and can decrease the gene pool size

what is inbreeding

mating between relatives

what is anagenesis

transformation of a single species over time

what us cladigensis

branching of one species into 2 or more

what is allopatric mode

geographic seperation

what is parapatric mode

limited contact

sympatric mode

within the same population

what is gradualism

slow, continuous accumulation of change

what is punctuated equillibrium

rapid, speciation events followed by long periods of stasis