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Marbury v. Madison

Established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Confirmed the supremacy of the federal government over state governments and upheld the implied powers of Congress under the Necessary and Proper Clause.

Schenck v. United States

Established the 'clear and present danger' test for limiting free speech, allowing the government to restrict speech that poses a threat to national security.

Brown v. Board of Education

Declared state-sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Baker v. Carr

Established 'one person, one vote' principle for electoral districts, requiring that districts be roughly equal in population.

Engel v. Vitale

Prohibited state-sponsored prayer in public schools, upholding the separation of church and state.

Gideon v. Wainwright

Guaranteed the right to an attorney for indigent defendants in felony cases, ensuring that those who cannot afford a lawyer will have one provided.

Tinker v. Des Moines

Upheld students' right to symbolic speech in schools, as long as it does not disrupt the learning environment.

New York Times v. United States

Limited prior restraint, protecting freedom of the press, notably in the Pentagon Papers case.

Wisconsin v. Yoder

Protected Amish families' right to religious freedom, allowing them to withdraw their children from public school after eighth grade.

Shaw v. Reno

Ruled against racial gerrymandering if race is the predominant factor in drawing district lines.

United States v. Lopez

Limited Congress's power under the Commerce Clause, striking down the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990.

McDonald v. Chicago

Incorporated the Second Amendment right to bear arms against the states.

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

Allowed corporations and unions to spend unlimited money on political advertising, equating their spending with free speech.