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Q:What are the two main zones of the respiratory system?
A:Conducting zone and respiratory zone.
Q:What is the primary function of the conducting zone?
A:To filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.
Q:Name the major structures included in the conducting zone.
A:Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles.
Q:What is the function of the respiratory zone?
A:It is the main site of gas exchange.
Q:List the structures found in the respiratory zone.
A:Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
Q:What is the external nose?
A:The visible part of the nose on the face, supported by bone and hyaline cartilage.
Q:What are the three regions of the pharynx?
A:Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Q:What is the role of the larynx?
A:It connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea and houses the vocal cords.
Q:What type of epithelium lines the trachea?
A:Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
Q:What is the carina?
A:The internal ridge where the trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi.
Q:How many lobes does the right lung have?
A:Three lobes (superior, middle, inferior).
Q:How many lobes does the left lung have?
A:Two lobes (superior and inferior).
Q:What is the function of the pleura?
A:It is a serous membrane that surrounds the lungs, reducing friction and producing surface tension.
Q:What are the two types of alveolar cells?
A:Type I alveolar cells and Type II alveolar cells.
Q:What is the primary function of Type I alveolar cells?
A:They form a continuous lining of the alveolar wall and are the main sites of gas exchange.
Q:What do Type II alveolar cells secrete?
A:Alveolar fluid and surfactant.
Q:What is the role of alveolar macrophages?
A:They remove fine dust particles from the alveoli.
Q:What is the respiratory membrane composed of?
A:Alveolar wall, epithelial basement membrane, capillary basement membrane, and capillary endothelium.
Q:What is the significance of the thinness of the respiratory membrane?
A:It allows for rapid diffusion of gases.
Q:What is the function of the epiglottis?
A:It prevents food or fluid from entering the airways during swallowing.
Q:What is the primary bronchus?
A:The passageway that branches from the trachea into the right and left lungs.
Q:What is the function of the nasal conchae?
A:They increase the surface area of the nasal cavity and help trap water droplets to prevent dehydration.
Q:What is the role of the diaphragm in respiration?
A:It contracts to allow inhalation and relaxes to allow exhalation.
Q:What is the significance of the pleural cavity?
A:It is the space between the layers of pleura that contains pleural fluid, reducing friction during breathing.
Q:How does the sympathetic nervous system affect bronchiolar smooth muscle?
A:It causes relaxation of bronchiolar smooth muscle, leading to bronchodilation.
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