DAT biology - Reproduction and Developmental Biology
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205 Terms
Binary fission
form of asexual reproduction performed by prokaryotes/mitochondira
What uses binary fission
prokaryotes and mitochondria
How is binary fission different form other cell division
Replication occurs during cell division
What does binary fission use to seperate cells
a septum
Binary fission septum
Used in binary fission, splits the cell
What uses budding
hydras and yeast
Budding
asexual form of reproduction in which DNA is deposited into a bud, forming a new organism
How does budding occur
in yeast and hydras, DNA is deposited onto a bud, which forms a new organism
Regeneration
form of asexual reproduction performed by hydras, planaria, and fungi
How is regeneration performed
A piece of an organism breaks off, and it can regenerate the broken segment
What can perform regeneration
hydras, planaria, and fungi
Parthenogenesis
Form of asexual reproducttion in which an unfertilized egg can develop into a viable organism
What performs parthenogenesis
honey bees
What kind of ploidy do honeybees exhibit
Haplopolyploidy
Is mitosis a form of asexual reproduction
yes
Sexual reproduction
male spem and female eggs combining to form genetically distinct offspring
what are male germ cells known as
Spermatogonia
what are female germ cells known as
oogonia
What produces gametes via meosis
Germ cells
What is a Primary spermatocyte
a spermatogonium that has undergone mitosis and is ready to undergo spermatogenesis via meosis
what is spermatogenesis
The formation of haploid spermatozoa from diploid germ cells
What is spermiogenesis
the final stage in spermatogenesis in which spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa
Order of spermatogeneis
spermatogonium → primary spermatogcyte → secondary spermatocyte → Spermatid → sperm
What does the head of the sperm contain
the nucleus and the acrosome
What does the midpiece of the sperm contain
the mitochondria
What does the tail of the sperm contain
the flagellum, which is used for motility
what occurs in the seminiferous tubules
it is the site of spermatogenesis
Where are sertoli cells located
in the seminiferous tubues
What is the epididymus
the site of maturation and storage of sperm
What is the vas deferens used for
They are tubules that move sperm from the epididymus to the ejaculatory duct
What does the Ejaculatory duct do
it propels sperm into the urethera
What are the accesory glands of the male reproductivre system
seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral glands
What do the seminal vesicles secrete
fructose
viscous mucus
and prostaglandins
What does fructose do in the male reproductive system
It is secreted by the seminal vesicles, an provides nutrients to sperm
What does viscous mucus do in the male reproductive system
released by the seminal vescilces and the bulbouretheral gland, it cleans and libricates the urethera
What do prostoglandins do in the male reproductive system
released by seminal vesicles, they stimulate uretheral contraction
What does the prostate gland secrete
alkaline secretions that counteract uterine acidity
What do alkaline secretions do in the male reproductive system
Released by the prostate gland, They counteract uterine acidity
What do the bulboureteral glands do
acessory glands of the male reproductive system, secrete viscous mucus
What does the urethera do in ejaculation
it leads sperm to ejaculation out of the penis
mnemonic: SEVEn UP
mnemonic for sperm travel in ejaculation
Seminifferous tibules
Epididymus
Vas Deferens
Ejaculatory duct
n
Urethera
Penis
What stimulates sperm production in seminiferous tubues
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
What does FSH target
sertoli cells
What do sertoli cells do
nourish sperm cells and produce inhibin
Where is inhibin produced from
sertoli cells
What does inhibin do
released from sertoli cells, it has a negative feedback loop on FSH
What does leutenizing hormone target, and what does it do
It targets leydig cells to produce testosterone
What does testoterone do in males
sperm maturationn and secondary sex characteristics
Ovary
The structure in females that produces eggs cells
what are other names for egg cells
ovum and ova
What do the fimbirae do
It receives eggs released from the ovary
whats another name for the fallopian tube
oviduct
what does the oviduct do
It is the path betwen the uterus and the ovaries
What does the uterus do
it provides an environment for the fertilzed egg to implant and develop
Perinetium
outer layer of the ovary
myometrium
middle muscular lair of the uterus
Endometrium
the inner epithelial part of the uterus
cervix
narrow opening between the uterus and vagina
vagina
opening to the external environment where sperm cna enter and birth occurs
What stage are primary oocytes stuck in
prophase I (PUBERTY RELEASES THEM FROM PROPHASE)
what are secondary oocytes arrested in
Metaphase II
When does oocyte meosisis complete
upon fertilization
When is the first polar body produced
Upon moving from prophase I to metaphase II in the oocyte upon Ovulation in puberty
When is the second polar body produced
upon fertilization
Order of oogenesis
Primordial germ cells→oogonium → primary oocyte(stuck in prophase one after birth)→Secondary oocyte(upon ovulation) → fertilized egg
FSH in females
released by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the follicles to develop, promoting the production of estrogen and progesterone
What stimulates estrogen and progesterone production
FSH
What is the follicle
promoted by FSH, it is a fluid filled sac containing an immature egg arrested in prophase one
what does the follicle turn into uppon ovulation
the corpus luteum
What does leutinizing hormone do in females
it promotes ovulation, forming the corpus luteum
What are estrogen and progesterone
They are responsible for menstrual cycle and reproduction, as well as secondary sex characteristics
Grafian follicle
mature follicle
What kind of feedback loop is lactation
positve feedback
What does infant suckling do to prolactin levels
it increases them
What does oxytocin do in lactation
it releases milk
What stimulates milk production
prolactin
What kind of feedback loop is childbirth
positive
What does oxytocin do in childbirth
it induces contractions, and when the baby’s head pushes against the cervix, it stimulates the hypothalamus and pituitary to release more oxytocin
What releases GnRH
the hypothalamus
what doe sGnRH cause the release of from the pituitary gland
FSH and LH
What feedback loop is the menstrual cycle an example of
Negative
How does the negative feedback of the menstrual cycle work
The hypothalamus releases GnRH
GnrH stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary
LH and FSH target the ovaries to release estrogen and progesterone
estrogen and progesterone exhibit negative feedback on the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus
What starts the menstrual cycle
menstruation, the shedding of the endometrium
What is the shedding of the endometrium called
Menstruation
Whats the first step of the menstrual cycle
FSH and LH stimulate follicle growth, which progressivley secretes estrogen
During the first step of the luteal phase, what causes the endometrium to thicken
estrogen
Up until ovulation, what do FSH levels look like
they decrease
second step of menstrual cycle
Estrogen keeps increasing, until eventually FSH and LH levels surge
Third step of ovulation
LH spike triggers ovulation
During ovulation, what is the egg released from
The grafian follicle, the most mature one
What is the process of ovuilation
The egg is released from the graffian follicle, and the fimbriae receive the egg.
Cillia then sweep the egg through the oviduct
What does the follicle secrete
Estrogen
Fourth step of the menstrual cycle
the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen, leading to the thickening of the endometrium
and a negative feedback loop with FSH AND LH
During the luteal phase, what does the follicle develop into
the corpus luteum
What does the corpus luteum release
progesterone, and some estrogen
what maintains the corpus luteum
FSH and LH
What is the fifth step of the menstrual cycle if implantation occurs
the embryo implants into the endometrium and the corpus luteum is maintiened by HcG, maintaining progesterone and estrogen levels
What produces human chorionic gonadotropin
hCG is produced by the outer latyer of the placenta
What does HCG help with
maintaining the corpus luteum
What is the fifth step of the menstrual cycle if implantation Doesnt occur
FSH and LH decrease until the corpus luteum can no longer be maintained,
leading to estrogen and progesterone drops
and the endometrium sloughs off
