GEN Exam II

non verbal expectancy violation theory

when you interact you have an expectation of communication

physical appearance

beauty standards differ from culture to culture

vocalics

non-verbal elements of speech; pitch, volume rate, tone, fillers, and silence

proxemics

the use of space in communication; how close you stand to someone, sitting at the head of the table

oculesics

the use of facial expressions in communication; eye contact, smile

kinesics

the use of your body in communication; hand gestures, posture

hand gestures/emblems

non-verbal signals that can be directly translated directly into words

illustrators

movements that compliment verbal communication by accenting or reinforcing what the speaker is saying; gestures in storytelling

regulators

non-verbal messages that accompany speech to control or regulate what the speaker is saying; nodding head to show you are listening

adaptors

tapping pen, twirling hair, pushing up glasses

haptics

use of touch in communication; greetings, affection

objectives

use of objects in communication

chronemics

use of time in communication; what ‘on time’ means in different cultures

olfactics

the use of smell in communication; the better someone smells the more attractive they are

contact culture

people stand closer, more eye contact, more touch , louder voices

non-contact culture

people stand farther apart, less eye contact, less touch, quieter voices

script schema

patterns of behavior that tell us how to act

3 key demographical trends

changing racial demographics, rapid growth of immigrant populations, immigrants bring new cultural influences

4 types of human behavior

biology, situational, personality, cultural

conflict

expressed struggle of interdependent parties, who perceive incompatible goals and/or incompatible scarce resources

interpersonal conflict styles

competitive, collaborative, compromising, avoiding, accommodating

5 central causes of interpersonal conflict

cultural diff, assimilation vs identity maintenance, power imbalance, competing conflict goals, competition for scarce resources

benefits of intercultural relationships

relational learning, breaking stereotypes, acquiring new skills

challenges of intercultural relationships

differences in communication styles, values, and perceptions, negative stereotypes, anxiety, need to explain ourselves

relational stages of development

initial attraction, exploratory interaction, stability phase

masculine cultures

value competition, achievement, success, clear gender roles

feminine cultures

value cooperation, care, quality of life, and flexible gender roles

high uncertainty avoidance

discomfort with ambiguity, strong rules and structure

low uncertainty avoidance

more comfortable with risk and uncertainty, flexible rules

long-term orientation

focus on future rewards, perseverance

short-term orientation

focus on tradition, immediate results

indulgent cultures

encourage enjoyment and leisure

restrained cultures

control gratification and desires

universalism

rules apply equally to everyone; less likely to lie for a friend

particularism

relationships influence rules; more likely to lie for a friend

trompenaar’s individualism

personal freedom and achievement

trompenaar’s communitarianism

group goals come first

specific cultures

separate work and personal life, direct communication

diffuse cultures

overlap between personal and professional life, indirect communication

achievement culture

status based on accomplishments

ascription cultures

status based on age, gender, social class

sequential time culture

time is linear, focus on schedules and deadlines

synchronic time culture

multitasking, flexible time

internal control cultures

people control their environment

external control cultures

people adapt to external forces

high context culture traits

indirect communication, meaning comes from tone, body language, situation, preserve harmony

low context culture traits

direct, straightforward, words carry most meaning, more comfortable with confrontation