SCOM 123 Final Exam Review Guide - Tim Ball

Three Models of Communication

linear, interactive, transactional

Linear

involves a sender who sends a message through a channel to receiver in an atmosphere of noise

Interactive

basically the same as linear, except the interactive model of communication includes feedback. Introduction of feedback indicates that communication is a two-way progress. Also includes fields of experience.

Transactional

basically the same as interactive except you are sending and receiving simultaneously, mostly non verbally. Claims that communications affect all parties involved. Involves content dimension and relationship dimension

Channel

Medium through which message travels

Sender

initiator and encoder

Receiver

the person who decodes a message

Message

Stimulus that produces meaning

Encode

expression of a message

Decode

Interpretation of message

Context

environment in which communication occurs (who, what,when, where, why, how)

Fields of Experience

beliefs, attitudes, values, and experiences that each participant brings to a communication event

Variety of purposes that communication Serves

- to inform

- to express feelings

- to imagine

- to influence

- to meet social expectations

Which of the following is not a Variety of purposes that communication Serves?

a. to inform

b. to cause fear

c. to imagine

d. to influence

e. to meet social expectations

b. to cause fear

Communication Competence

refers to the knowledge of effective and appropriate communication patterns and the ability to use and adapt that knowledge in various contexts

Steps in the Perceptual Process

- Selecting

- Organizing

- Interpretation

Selecting

- First part of perceptual process

- where we focus our attention on certain incoming sensory information

Organizing

- Second Part of perceptual process

- We sort and categorize information that we perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns

Interpretation

- Third Part of perceptual process

- We assign meaning to our experiences using mental structures known as schemata

Perceptual Schema

Frameworks for organizing data (in a way that makes sense to us) that we have selected.

Influences on perception

include past experiences, education, values, culture, perceived notions, and present circumstances

First impressions

initial impressions of someone, hard to change

Primary Effect

the tendency to be more influenced by initial information gathered about a person rather than information gained later

Negativity Bias

the tendency to be more influenced heavily by negative than positive information

Attribution Error

blaming someone's personal traits rather than the situations they are put in

self-fulfilling prophecy

acting on a wrong expectation that produces the expected behavior & confirms the original impression

Culture

a learned set of enduring values beliefs, and practices that are shared by an identifiable, large group of people with common history

What does culture provide its members with?

an implicit knowledge about how to behave in different situations & how to interpret others' behaviors in such situations

Ethnocentrism

when one tends to judge other ethnic or cultural groups according to the dominant, or superior, culture in which they belong

Combat

to be self aware, educate, listen, and speak-up

Elements to all Languages

- Structure

- Description

- Inference

- Judgment

Structure

how the sentence is arranged

Productivity

Making meaning out of morphemes and phonemes

Displacement

being able to talk about past/future events or unreal things

Which of the following is not a Part of the Abstracting Process?

a. Sense Experience

b.Description

c. Inference

d. Structure

e. Judgment

d. structure

Sense Experience

an experience regarding language that is derived from the senses (seeing a person in a lab coat)

Description

describing what you see

Inference

guessing based on things we do know on things we don't

Judgement

prematurely conceiving opinions based on what you think we know

Connotative Meaning

refers to the wide array of positive & negative associations that most words naturally carry with them

denotative meaning

precise, literal definition of a word that might be found in a dictionary

Jargon

form of verbal shorthand word (nickname)

euphemism

using another word of a word to either exaggerate or numb the unpleasant or offensive realities

slang

highly informal words not in standard usage that employed by a group with a common interest

Components of conducting an audience analysis

-age

-gender

-culture

-ethnicity

-group affiliations

General Purpose

to inform, motivate/persuade, or entertain your audience

Specific Purpose

used to develop your speech, not actually say it in your speech, restrict to one idea only

Thesis

discuss your conclusions

Components of a competent presentation body

- coherence

- completeness

- balance

- division

Topical pattern

shaped according to classifications

Spatial Pattern

a perceptual arrangement of objects on Earth

Casual Pattern

looks for why things happen and then discuss the consequences

Chronological Pattern

specific sequence of events

Problem-Solution Pattern

explores the nature of a problem and proposes a solution

What are the critical elements of a competent speech introduction?

- gain attention

- make a clear purpose statement

- preview the main points

- establish the credibility of the speaker

What are the critical elements of a competent speech conclusion?

- summarize main points

- refer to introduction

- make a memorable finish

Persuasion

Act or process of presenting arguments to move, motivate, or to change your audience

primary dimensions of credibility

competence, trustworthiness, dynamism

Ethos

ethical appeal

pathos

emotional appeal

logos

appeal to logic

Is verbal communication single channeled or multi-channeled?

single channeled

Is non-verbal communication single channeled or multi-channeled?

multi-channeled

Repetition

the constant action of verbal and nonverbal communication makes the message clearer, understandable and gives it credibility

Accentuation

adding emphasis to the situation, using emotion, which enhances the power & seriousness of the verbal messages

Regulation

able to rotate/switch and recognize the speaker

Contradiction

including mixed messages, words say one thing but gestures and facial expressions say another

Major Types of Nonverbal Communication

kinesics, paralanguage, territoriality, proxemics, and haptics

Kinesics

body movement/ gesturing/ eye contact

Paralanguage

intonation, pitch & speed of speaking, hesitation noises, gesture, and facial expression

Territoriality

space, protection of own space

Proxemics

proximity, space between speaker and receiver, how much emotional space to leave in a conversation

Haptics

relating to touch

informational listening

attempts to comprehend the message of the speaker

empathetic listening

listening to other person and what they need, and take their perspective

Critical Listening

evaluating merits of claims as they are heard

Conversation Narcissism

tendency of listeners turns to the topics of ordinary conversations to themselves without showing sustained interest in others' topics

Competitive Interrupting

Occurs when we dominate the conversation by seizing the floor from others who are speaking

Glazing Over

occurs when listener's attention wonders and daydreaming occurs

Pseudo Listening

pretending to listen

Ambushing

occurs when we listen for weaknesses and ignore strengths of a speakers message

Skepticism

always challenging beliefs & asking or evidence

evaluating response

makes judgements about a person's conduct

Interpreting response

express what we think is underlying meaning of the situation

Advising Response

tell people how they should act

Content-Only Response

comprehends literal meaning of message but doesn't recognize feelings

Probing Response

seeking more information by asking questions

Supporting Response

express core, concern, interest, especially in time of stress or hurt

Understanding Response

paraphrasing message to check accuracy of perceptions

What should you consider when choosing a topic for a speech?

- consider the occasion

- consider the audience

- consider yourself

Currency

how recent is the information

reliability

what kind of information is included in the resource?

Author

Who is the creator?

Appropriate Citations

used correctly & states the origin of that point

Effective Citations

make it clear to people that exactly where you got the information from & it gets through to the audience with ease

Physical Noise example

sound of train

physiological noise example

Sore throat

psychological noise example

thoughts distracting you

Semantic Noise Example

Thick accent preventing you from understanding

Prototype

- best example of something

- ex: greatest of all friends, boss from hell