Anatomy Test 4 Ch. 21

Formed elements & Plasma

what are the 2 components of whole blood?

Plasma

clear, light-yellow liquid (fluid portion of blood)

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, & Platelets

what are the 3 formed elements of blood?

45%

what percent of whole blood is formed elements?

55%

what percent of whole blood is plasma?

Erythrocytes (RBC)

function is to transport respiratory gases

Erythrocytes

contains very small, flexible cells, plasma membrane, hemoglobin, biconcave discs (increase surface area), lacks nuclei and organelles (carry gas more effectively)

Hemoglobin

red-pigmented protein that transports O2 & CO2 and responsible for the color of blood

Oxygenated

bright red and maximally loaded with O2

Deoxygenated

dark red and O2 is lost & CO2 is gained

Leukocytes (WBC)

function is to mount immune response and defend body against pathogens

Leukocytes

contains nuclei and organelles, least abundant, but can’t live w/o them, motile and flexible (move within interstitial fluid)

Platelets (thrombocytes)

function is to help with blood clotting

Platelets

2nd most abundant formed element, continually produced in red bone marrow (fragments of megakaryocytes)

Coagulation or clot

severe trauma to blood vessels causes this?

Inactive

Is fibrinogen active or inactive?

Active

Is fibrin active or inactive?

Fibrin

traps erythrocytes and platelets, forming a blood clot

Fibrin

following trauma to blood vessels, fibrinogen turns into ___, which help to form a blood clot

Fibrinogen

responsible for blood clot formation

Albumin

smallest and most abundant in blood plasma, regulates water movement between blood and interstitial fluid (drives osmosis)

Globulin

forms antibodies, which are proteins produced by WBC to protect against pathogens

99%

what percent of formed elements are erythrocytes?

<0.01%

what percent of formed elements are leukocytes?

<1%

what percent of formed elements are platelets?

Buffy Coat

middle, gray-white layer

Leukocytes (wbc) & Platelets

what formed elements are found in the buffy coat?

Transportation, Regulation, & Protection

what are the 3 functions of blood?

Body temperature, pH levels, fluid distribution

what 3 things does blood regulate?

7.35-7.45

what is the pH of blood?

Acidic

0-6.9 (acidic or alkaline?)

Alkaline

7.1-14 (acidic or alkaline?)

Antigen

substance perceived as foreign to the body

Antibodies

bind to antigens until the immune system destroys them

Hematocrit

percentage of volume of all formed elements in the blood

Hematocrit

testosterone and altitude affect this?

High

A ___ hematocrit may indicate dehydration or blood doping

Low

A ___ hematocrit may indicate anemia

Granulocytes

granules in cytoplasm, visible in microscope

Agranulocytes

very small granules, not visible in microscope

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, & Basophils

what are the 3 types of granulocytes?

Neutrophils

50-60%, most abundant, pale or neutral granules in cytoplasm, multilobed nuclei interconnected by thin strands

Eosinophils

1-4%, large reddish or pink-orange granules in cytoplasm, bilobed nuclei connected by thin strand

Basophils

<.5-1%, rarest, abundant blue-violet granules that usually obscures pale nucleus

Lymphocytes & Monocytes

what are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

Lymphocytes

20-40%, 2nd most abundant, most reside in lymphatic organs, round, slightly indented, dark-violet nuclei, thin rim of cytoplasm

Monocytes

2-8%, largest, violet, kidney-shaped or C-shaped nuclei, abundant cytoplasm, leave bloodstream after 3 days to enter tissues

Neutrophils

Phagocytize bacteria (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes)

Eosinophils

Phagocytize allergens and release enzymes that attack parasites/worms (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes)

Basophils

secrete 2 chemicals during inflammatory or allergic reaction (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes)

Histamine

causes vasodilation & allergic symptoms like swollen nasal membranes, itchy and runny nose, & watery eyes

Heparin

anticoagulant to inhibit blood clotting, promotes mobility of other wbc’s to area

Lymphocytes

serves in immune memory for viruses (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes)

T-lymphocytes (T-cells)

direct an immune response, directly attack foreign cells and virus-infected cells

B-lymphocytes (B-cells)

produce antibodies

Natural Killer (NK) cell

attack abnormal and infected tissues

Monocytes

differentiate into macrophages, phagocytize bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells and debris (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes)