Chemistry 3.3.1 and 2 - Intro to Organic

Empirical formula

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound

Molecular formula

The actual numbers of atoms of each element in the compound

Displayed formula

Compound is drawn with all atoms and all bonds shown

Structural formula

The compound is shown without bonds between atoms

Functional group

Carboxylic acid (-oic acid)

Functional group

Ester (-yl -oate)

Functional group

Aldehyde (-al; oxo if not PFG)

Functional group

Ketone (-one; oxo- if not PFG)

Functional group

Nitrile (-nitrile; cyano- if not PFG)

Functional group

Alcohol (-ol; hydroxy- if not PFG)

Functional group

Amine (-amine; amino- if not PFG)

Functional group

Alkene (-ene; -en with higher priority FG)

Functional group order of importance (most to least)

Carboxylic acid, ester, aldehyde, ketone, nitrile, alcohol, amine, alkene, halogen

Structural isomerism

Same molecular formula, but different structural formulae

Chain isomer

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different length carbon chains

Position isomer

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with the functional group in a different position on the chain

Functional group isomer

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different functional groups

Stereoisomerism

When molecules have the same structural formula but different 3D arrangement of atoms in space

Why does EZ isomerism arise? (2)

• Restricted rotation around the C=C double bond

• 2 different groups attached to each C in the C=C double bond

Saturated hydrocarbons: (3)

• Have no C=C double bonds

• Maximum number of Hs per C atom

• Only C and H atoms

Homologous series

A series of compounds with the same general formula

Features of a homologous series: (5)

• Same functional group

• Similar chemical properties

• Trend in physical properties

• Same general formula

• Each member differs by CH₂

Free radical

Species with a high energy unpaired electron

Fractions of crude oil in order (lowest to highest b.p.)

Butane & propane, petrol, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, bitumen

Use for butane & propane (i.e. natural gas)

Heating, cooking

Use for petrol

Car fuel

Use for kerosene

Jet fuel, lights

Use for diesel

Lorry fuel

Use for fuel oil

Ships, power stations

Use for bitumen

Roofs and roads

Thermal cracking temperature and pressure

1000 - 1200K, 70 atm

Catalytic cracking conditions

720K, 1 - 2 atm, zeolite catalyst

Problems caused by CO

Toxic - binds to haemoglobin in blood and prevents it from carrying enough oxygen; highly flammable

How are oxides of nitrogen formed?

Combustion of nitrogen in air at very high temperatures

Problems caused by oxides of nitrogen

Respiratory problems; acid rain (NO2+H2O → HNO3)

Problems caused by SO2

Respiratory problems; acid rain (SO2+ H2O+O2→H2SO4)

Catalytic converter

NOx → Nx + Ox

CO + O2 → CO2

Hydrocarbons → CO2 + H2O

Removal of SO2 from atmosphere

Can be reacted with CaO to produce CaSO3

Removal of C particulates from atmosphere

Filters in cars catch soot before entering atmosphere

Catalytic converter catalysts

Platinum, palladium, rhodium