Unit 4 the Reformation

John Wycliffe and English Lollardy

• A professor of theology at Oxford University.

• Began to dislike the catholic church due to several factors:

  • Corruption

  • Position of the Pope and the Bible

  • Worship of the Church and its rituals instead of God

• Wycliffe translates the bible into vernacular English

• Wycliffe calls the popes the anti-Christ’s during the great schism

• Dies before he is killed for heresy

• Begins the movement of English Lollardy, meaning stupidity or foolishness.

Jan Hus

• A bohemian who comes into contact with the Lollards and takes the Lollardy movement to Prague.

• The bohemian nobles like the concept and the Reformed Church of Prague is made.

• Hus is called to the Council of Constance to bring his ideas and is killed upon his arrival.

Hussite Wars

• The Church makes war against Bohemia between 1419-1434 over the Church of Prague.

Causes of the Protestant Reformation

• Amazing corruption of the Church and the Papacy. Popes were acting more like Kings.

• Julius II makes wars over Christian doctrine, known for the lavish patronage of the Arts.

• Pope Sixtus and Papal Nepotism, passing religious positions to sons and family members.

• Simony, the buying of Church offices

• Pluralism, the holding of multiple church offices.

• Alcoholism in the lower clergy.

• Illiterate lower clergy.

Martin Luther

• A monk born in Erfurt into a peasant family that rose to the middle class.

• Luther gets a law degree which puts him around powerful people.

• Luther finds an interest in Theology and pledges his life to it in T-storm in a prayer to St. Anne. Thus he joins a monastery outside Wittenberg in Saxony and gets a doctorate in theology at the University of Wittenberg.

• Becomes a popular professor of theology in Saxony

• Very tormented by the concept of sin and atonement. Finds faith in Roman1:7 saying saved by faith alone instead of Good works.

• Between 1515-17 Luther finds 3 major complaints against the church

  • Man is saved by faith alone

  • Faith is scripture based not through the church. Called the priesthood of believers.

  • All men are equal in the eyes of God in the final judgment.

Leo X

• Pope Leo became a pope in the late 30s after he was rushed through the ranks of clergy at very young ages.

• Sends out a special indulgence that wipes away all sins which is what finally snaps Luther.

Indulgences

• Payment for sins that wiped you clean. You could even buy them for already dead family members to send them from purgatory to heaven.

Johann Tetzel

• A right hand man to Leo X and was a great commissioner for the sale of indulgences. Sold the special indulgence and preyed on the ignorance of peasants.

95 theses

• Written in response to Tetzel and the sale of indulgences. These werea group of 95 statements that attacked mainly the sale of indulgences as well as the papacy and other clergy.

• Printing press helps spread it all around Europe by 1518.

• Leo X can’t call it heresy and calls the Leipzig Debate to see if he can corner Luther.

Leipzig Debate

• A debate between Luther and Johann Eck representing the Papacy over the sale of indulgences. It lasts for three days until Eck finally gets to Luther’s temper and forces Luther to commit Heresy.

• Luther escapes burning by the protection of the German nobles at the time.

Johann Eck

• The bible smart monk who debates with Luther over indulgences at the Leipzig debate.

To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, Martin Luther

• A document Luther wrote in German to the German nobility calling for them to overthrow the popes power and establish a new reformed German Church

  • Says the Nobility are necessary to lead the Church

The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, Martin Luther

• A document Luther wrote in Latin to direct it to the high clergy. States that the Church holds the bible captive with rituals.

• It attacks several key doctrine of the Catholic Church:

  • Sacrament system, most other denominations have 2 compared to 7 for Catholics.

  • Calls for an end to clerical celibacy to end the sexual misconduct problem.

The Freedom of the Christian Man, Martin Luther

• A document supporting Justification by faith alone and the Priesthood of the Believer stating clergy weren’t needed to interpret the bible, you should do it yourself.

• Call for equality before God on final judgment day.

Diet of Worms, 1521

• Basically a trial of Luther before Charles V and the 7 Electors of the HRE as well as Cardinals and other important people.

• Charles is giving Luther a chance to recant his 3 major works.

• Luther famously responds “Here I stand, I could no other, God Help me” and wont recant his works.

• Charles want him executed but the electors disagree. In the process Fredrick the wise of Saxony escapes with Luther and hides him for the next year as he is made an outlaw by the Church.

• Charles is pulled away to fight in France which give Luther a chance to start the Lutheran Church

Ideas and Doctrine of the Lutheran Church

• Saved by Faith Alone, not works

• Led by Nobles

• Spread throughout Scandinavia and central and North Germany

• When he breaks away Luther loses support for the Northern Humanists

• Believed in the Priesthood of believers.

• Adds Music to Worship

Philip Melanchthon

• Helps Luther translate the Bible into German

Peasants’ Revolt

• 125000 peasant rise up because they take Luther’s doctrine Equal under the eyes of God causes as a social reform stating they were equal to nobles.

• Luther denounces this because it causes a problem for the princes/nobles, who Luther had his support from.

Thomas Muntzer

• Led the revolt and famously said “strike while the irons hot”

• He thought Luther would support the revolt.

Against the Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants, Martin Luther

• Luther writes this in response to the revolt and calls for the nobility of the Holy Roman Empire to deal with the revolt, this is promptly done.

Katherine von Bora

• The woman Luther marries probably to support his end of clerical celibacy doctrine.

Huldrych Zwingli and the Zwinglian Church

• Leader of Zwinglian Church which rose up in the Swiss Confederation

• Zwingli was a product of the Forest Cantons and was sent to Basel by his father for an Education. He later goes to Vienna for school, majoring in Theology

• He is ordained in 1500 and becomes the High Priest of Zurich.

• Zwingli, inspired by Luther begins attacks on the Church, the City council decides to form the Zwinglian Church, and most urban cantons follow in this decision.

• Doctrine wise the church was similar to Luther’s with only 2 sacrament, an emphasis on being saved by faith alone and the fact that scripture is the only authority.

• Charles V moves out of fighting in Italy to attack the Swiss to stomp out the “rebellion” as he saw it. The Forest Cantons ally with Charles and the movement temporarily dies.

The Marburg Colloquy

• Attempted alliance between German (Luther) and Swiss (Zwingli) protestants called by Philip of Hesse.

• The debate over doctrine regarding communion (whether Jesus’s words "This is my body, this is my blood” was symbolic or literal) defeats all doubt of possible alliances.

Doctrine of Communion

• Catholics believed in Transubstantiation (the bread transforms into Christ)

• Lutherans believe Christ had presence in the bread and wine

• Zwinglians Believe it was just a representation.

• Anabaptists said it was just a meal to remember Jesus

Beliefs of the Anabaptists

• The Anabaptists is a term used to describe all the radical smaller protestant groups.

• Anabaptists came almost exclusively from the lower class, especially those affected by the price revolution who were impoverished.

• Believed Communion was a meal to remember Jesus

• Believed in equality under God in the social and spiritual sense.

• Were pacifists because they took the not killing commandment literally.

John of Leiden and the City of Munster

• Munster was a German city ruled by a Bishop. When the economy falls apart the Lutherans drive out the Catholics. However they realize the Catholic Nobles took all their money with them. In response to this they pass a religious toleration decree to get the Catholics back.

• Anabaptists flock to Munster and a group known as the Michaelites led by John of Leiden believed it was the end of the world and they needed to prepare the world for a new age. Once they win over more Anabaptists the Lutherans are driven out. The Catholics and Lutherans then unite and lay siege to the city for 8 weeks to kill the Anabaptists which they do and brutally murder John of Leiden.

Menno Simons

• After Munster he suggests that the Anabaptists isolate themselves. This is the beginning of the Mennonites (Amish)

Henry VIII and the English Reformation

• While most of the reformation movements were because of doctrine Henry merely wanted a divorce.

• The English at this time were not respected by the Catholics and only had an Archbishop as their highest position.

• 10 years before the split Henry and England looked like they were the least likely to do so because Henry was a devout catholic.

• Henry even writes In Defense of the 7 Sacraments and is labeled a defender of the faith by Leo X

• Henry wants an annulment from Catherine of Aragon, his wife of 18 years because she can’t provide him with a son. Only with Mary I

• Uses Leviticus 20:31 and a claim that Catherine was his brother wife originally to try and annul the marriage.

• He sends Thomas Wolsey to argue in Rome on his behalf yet nothing gets done. Thomas More refuses to go when asked. Clement VII does his best to Ignore Henry.

• Henry replaces More and Wolsey with Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer who helps him succeed in his annulment and break away from the Church.

Archbishop Thomas Wolsey

• The man who is sent to argue on Henrys Behalf but only comes back with a new title of Cardinal as Clement Ignores Henry.

Sir Thomas More (also unit 2)

• A close friend of Erasmus who becomes the advisor of Henry VII. Henry promotes him to Lord Chancellor until More opposes him on divorce. More retires and writes Utopia until Henry returns with the act of Supremacy in 1534 which More refuses to sign and is thus killed.

• Utopia is about a fictional place of perfect society in the new world

  • Utopia means nowhere in greek.

Thomas Cranmer

• The new Archbishop of Canterbury after Wolsey who rises from low clergy to his position

• He actually supports Luther

• Annuls the marriage of Henry and marries him to Anne Boleyn

Thomas Cromwell

• The man who helps Henry create and get everyone to sign the Act of Supremacy

Act of Supremacy

• Cut ties with Rome and officially established the Church of England

• Those who refused to swear to support the act were executed, like Thomas More, the former Lord Chancellor, and John Fisher, the Bishop of Rochester, who were executed in 1535

Wives of Henry VIII

• Catherine of Aragon

  • His wife of 24 years who goes through a 6 year Annulment. She lives outside London until she is sent to a remote castle where she soon dies.

  • She was stripped of her Daughter on the move.

• Anne Boleyn

  • Very beautiful and ambitious, as was her whole family, they orchestrated Catherine’s downfall.

  • She gets pregnant and has Queen Elizabeth.

  • Henry turns on her and finds stories of her sexual impurity from her teen years and has her beheaded for them.

• Jane Seymour

  • She gives Henry Edward VI who is a sickly child and she dies in Childbirth.

  • Henry goes into depression and gains weight until he friend snap him out of it so he can deal with rebellious nobles.

• Anne of Cleves

  • Chooses her based of a portrait yet finds her to ugly in real life to consummate the marriage and therefore divorces her. She stays in England and becomes a very popular and charitable figure.

  • Married for her dowry.

• Catharine Howard

  • Married because Edward was sickly and Henry needed a backup Plan

  • She cheats on Henry and is Beheaded.

• Catherine Parr

  • A companion for Henry in his final years. Helps him reconcile with his daughters and past until he dies in 1547. Edward age 9 ascends to the throne.

Edward VI

• Cranmer influences him and influence s the Church of England which becomes the Anglican Church.

• The King Regent was Edward Seymour Edwards Uncle. His brother Thomas Seymour was the Lord Admiral.

• Thomas does questionable things with a teenage Elizabeth

• In 1549 Thomas tries to seize power while Edward is away. He gets caught after shooting a dog and is beheaded.

• The Nobility returns to power while this is going on.

• Edward dies young and Mary ascends to the throne against the will of protestant and those who wronged her mother.

• Edward leaves the Throne to Lady Jane Grey who was a very well Educated woman and is Queen for 9 days until Mary takes over.

Book of Common Prayer, Cranmer

• A main doctrinal work of Anglicans, very similar to the Lutherans.

Mary I of England

• Immediately settles score for her mother (Catherine of Aragon) by Killing Cranmer for granting the annulment and return England to Catholicism.

• Responsible for 800 deaths during her 5.5 year reign against Protestants.

• She executes Lady Jane after her foiled power grabbing plot.

• Marries Philip II of Spain who visits each year for 2 days to get her pregnant.

• Mary gets sick mistaking it for pregnancy and dies of Cancer.

• Elizabeth ascends to the Throne.

John Calvin

• John Calvin was part of the second generation of reformers.

• Believed in predestination: At the beginning of the universe God determined ahead of time those individuals who would be saved, known as the Elect, and those who would be condemned, known as the Reprobate.

• He was born in France to a secretary of a bishop.

• Goes to University or Orleans were he majors in Law. This degree shapes his views on Justice and salvation.

• Calvin was an underground protestant in France, Francis persecuted these men and Calvin barely escapes burning and goes to Basel. He writes Institutes of the Christian Religion a work directed to Francis which supported Protestantism. It held his view on predestination regarding the Elect and Reprobates. Calvin is recruited by Geneva an Urban Canton to bring his Church. On the fifth time he accepts and brings Calvinism to Geneva along with the strict moral code that governed the religion.

• Known as Huguenots in France, Puritans in England and Presbyterians in Scotland.

Max Weber and His Thesis

• Stated that our Capitalistic Society influenced directly from the Reformation.

  • Business codes of Punctuality, work ethic, sobriety and Thriftiness come about.

Catholic Counter Reformation

• The response of the Catholics to the reformation through several religious orders after 30 years of passivity.

• Council of Trent

Council of Trent

• Reaffirmation of the Catholic dogma ending decades of confusion

  • abolished the sale of indulgences

  • better regulation of priests and bishops

  • reaffirmed the seven sacrements

• Did not compromise with any protestant

Capuchins

• A group of central Italian Monks who live mendicant lifestyles and follow St Francis of Acicis example.

Theatines

• A group of Spanish priests who saw the lower clergy as the root of Corruption

Ursalines

• A group of Nuns Dedicated to female education

Discalced Carmelites and Teresa of Avila

• A group of women who led a mendicant lifestyle to help poor children and women.

Ignatius of Loyola

• A war bred noble who was brought up as a knight until his leg shattered under a cannonball in battle.

• He reads the Biographies of early Martyrs and sets out on a barefoot pilgrimage to Jerusalem. On the Way back he meets Pope Paul III

• He punished himself like Luther during his time of distress.

• Author of The Spiritual Exercises

League of Schmalkaldic

• A group of Protestant princes who allied in union against Charles V attempt to wipe out Protestantism.

  • Led By Fredrick of Saxony and Philip of Hesse

• They were defeated at the Battle of Muhlburg

Peace of Augsburg

• A treaty between the warring sides making the Split of Christendom official.