Lab and lecture bio final

What is evolution?

The change in allele frequency percentage (Genetics of the population)

What are the agents of evolution?

Darwin’s natural selection

Mutation

Migration

Genetic drift

Non random mating

What is natural selection?

The thought that nature adapts to their environment through the population over time in order to survive

How can we describe mutation as an agent of evolution?

mutations bring in a new source of alleles

How is migration an agent of evolution?

Brings in new alleles through the migration of different species to the area

What is a genetic drift?

Catastrophic events ending many lives at once and therefore lowering the percentage of alleles in a population (the most powerful agent)

describe the agent non random mating

this is a sexual selection where species choose the best of the opposite gender in their population to procreate and make more of the same alleles over generations

What is plasmid?

A bacteria’s DNA (carries their genetic makeup)

Why was the plasmid important in the transformation lab and what genes did it carry?

It carried the genes GFP, pGLO, and the gene that made it resistant to the antibiotic ampicillin

The plasmids were important to change the genetic makeup of other bacteria to adapt to the environment

What was the purpose of ampicillin?

It is an antibiotic that kills bacteria

What was the purpose of CaC12?

It neutralized the charge

Why were the bacteria heat shocked for 50 seconds?

Ecoli softens in the heat creating pores (an opening) where plasmids can get through in that time

What is a genetic marker?

A sequence of DNA

Define a population

Same species in the same area at the same time

They rely on the same resources and can interact/breed with each other

What is biotic and abiotic?

Biotic-living

Abiotic-non-living

What does a survivorship curve show?

The chances of survival in various age groups data graphed

What is the formula for finding exponential growth rate?

G=rN

How can we find r in the formula G=rN?

Get birth rate and death rate and subtract them

What is a carrying capacity?

When a population shows they can no longer grow because of resource limitations

What are density independent factors?

They’re chance catastrophic events that reduce populations that have nothing to do with the size of the population

What is a trophic level?

“Feeding level” where a species sits on the food chain

Primary-secondary-tertiary and so on

What is a producer?

The species that do photosynthesis ie. plants

Who is the primary consumer?

Species that only eat plants

Who is the secondary consumer?

The species that eat other species that only eat plants

What can be said about r-selected populations?

They reproduce very quickly but also crash quickly

What can be said about k-selected populations?

they reproduce slowly and maintain stable populations due to carrying capacities

How much energy moves up each trophic level?

10% each time

What is meant by clumping pattern?

When a population is clumped together, usually do to resources also being clumped up in a small space

What is meant by uniform pattern?

A population that interacts but keeps their distance

What is a random pattern?

Unpredictably spaced out EX: flowers are randomly spaced

What is a restriction enzyme?

An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences called restriction sites

What did Plato believe about species?

That species were fixed and unchanging (no evolution)

What did Aristotle contribute to biology?

Classified organisms and believed in a hierarchy of life

What was Lamarck’s idea of evolution?

Traits acquired during life can be inherited. Believed we can evolve in our same lifetime and not as population over time.

How did Lyell influence Darwin?

He showed the Earth changes slowly over long periods of time

How did Thomas Malthus influence Darwin?

He explained that populations grow faster than resources causing competition

Define species

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

What are common lines of evidence for evolution?

Fossils, homologous structures, embryology, DNA similarities, and biogeography

What is artificial selection?

Humans choosing organisms with desired traits to reproduce

What is non-random mating?

People choosing traits based on specific traits

What is the bottleneck effect?

A drastic reduction in population size that lowers genetic diversity

What is inbreeding?

Mating between closely related individuals

What is the founder effect?

A small group starts a new population with limited genetic variety

What is speciation?

Formation of new species

What is a genetic drift?

Random changes in allele frequencies especially in small populations

What does Hardy Weinberg equilibrium describe?

A population not evolving, with stable allele frequencies

What are gene frequencies?

Proportion of specific alleles in a population

What does p² represent?

Homozygous dominant

What does 2pq represent?

Heterozygous

What does q² represent?

Homozygous recessive

What are prezygotic barriers?

Temporal, behavioral, habitat, mechanical, and gametic isolation

What are postzygotic barriers?

Barriers occurring after fertilization

Examples of postzygotic barriers?

Hybrid in viability, sterility , and breakdown

What is population ecology?

study of how populations interact with their environment

Population density

How many individuals per unit area

What is a life table?

A chart tracking chances of survival rates

Describe type I survivorship

High survival lots of parental care

Describe type II survivorship

Constant death rate throughout life

Describe type III survivorship

High early death rate few surviving to adulthood

What regulates population growth?

Food, disease, predators, competition, and environmental factors

What are boom and bust cycles?

Rapid population increases followed by crashes

Why do boom and bust cycles occur?

Resource depletion after rapid growth

Example of r-selected species

Insects

Example of k-selected species

Elephants

What challenges exist in managing populations?

Resource use, disease, habitat destruction, and overpopulation

What is age structure?

Distribution of individuals among age groups

Why is age structure important?

It predicts future population growth trends

What is ecological footprint?

The amount of resources a person or population uses

What are three components of biodiversity?

Genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity

What are major threats to biodiversity?

Habitat loss, pollution, invasive species, over exploitation, and climate change

What is biological magnification?

Increase in concentration of toxins at higher trophic levels

ie: lead in soil, herbivore eats plants, next trophic level eats them, and last trophic level gets the most of the lead traced back to the soil

What causes global warming?

Increased greenhouse gases from human activities

What are consequences of global warming?

Rising temps, melting ice, sea-level rise, and extreme weather

How do restriction enzymes help distinguish one persons DNA from another person DNA?

Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences creating unique fragment patterns the differ between individuals

How does gel electrophoresis work?

DNA fragments are places in a gel and an electric current pulls them through it; smaller fragments move farther than larger ones

Why do smaller fragments move faster in gel electrophoresis?

Smaller fragments pass easier through the gel pores

What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis?

To separate DNA fragments by size

What happens to the other 90% of energy not consumed?

It’s lost as heat, movement, and metabolic processes