★ microbio ; final content (bio116)

NO DRUGS/SPECIFIC VACCINES INCLUDED; i have a separate deck for that.. types of vaccines are include + based off of my notes from documentaries + prof's deep dives

stenotrophomonas

a resistant gram negative bacteria that is hard to treat

pan resistant

describes an organism that is practically resistant to all treatment

NDM-1

a member of a large gene family that encodes beta-lactamase enzymes called carbapenemases ; highly resistant

klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)

producing bacteria that are a group of emerging highly drug-resistant gram-negative bacilli causing infections

salmonella heidelberg

a common killing food-borne illness that highly resistant and prominent in poultry (chicken)

adulterant

a classification where a presence of a particular bacteria in food MUST be recalled

how do antimicrobial-resistant bacteria develop?

natural selection, genetic mutation, accelerated overuse/misuse of antibiotics

describe how resistance spreads in natural selection

antibiotic is administered, most bacteria are killed except the very few resistant ones → resistant bacteria multiply AND pass on their resistant genes (conjugation) rapidly

genetic mutation

bacteria occasionally undergo spontaneous DNA changes that protect them from anitbiotics

horizontal gene transfer

method of transfer where bacteria can swap genetic material with other bacteria, letting them share + integrate resistance traits; HAPPENS BTWN DIFF SPECIES

human contribution to microbial resistance

overuse and misuse of antibiotics (antibiotics for flu, no compliance w prescriptions, agricultural overuse)

what are the key mechanisms of resistance?

enzymatic inactivation/modification, active efflux pumps, target modification, reduced permeability, biofilm formation

enzymatic inactivation/modification

bacteria produce enzymes that degrade/alter the drug, making it ineffective (neutralize)

active efflux pumps

specialized membrane proteins, often associated w multidrug resistance (MDR), actively pump antibiotics out of bacterial cell b4 they can take effect

target modification

microbes change the structure of antibiotic’s target site (ex: ribosomes/enzymes)

reduced permeability

particularly gram neg can modify their cell membrane reducing the number of porins, preventing antibiotics from entering

what makes gram negative bacteria tricky to kill?

they contain a extra cell membrane

biofilm formation

bacteria live in communities protected by a matrix that protects them from antibiotics

how to environmental reservoirs contribute to resistance?

natural ecosystems (including water + soil) contaminated by antibiotic waste act as reservoirs for resistant genes (think documentary with ricci)

process of bacterial pathogenesis

exposure → colonization → immune evasion → infection

what phase(s) of bacterial pathogenesis are asymptomatic?

exposure, colonization, immune evasion

what phase(s) of bacterial pathogenesis are symptomatic?

infection

what are the different interactions between bacteria and host?

bacteria elimination, partial breakdown, survival of bacteria

how do bacteria survive the host’s immune defense?

bacteria develop a block that doesn’t allow lysosome to fuse it OR escapes it, living in the cytoplasm just to later bust out

bacteriophage

highly specific, obligate parasites that are viruses who infect + replicate within bacteria

bacteriophage process of infection

attaches to host, leaves its capsid outside; injects genome (DNA or RNA) thru the tail sheath like a syringe

genetic makeup of phages

single / double stranded DNA or RNA, from 4-100 genes

lytic cycle process

virulent phages take over host machinery → replicates genome → assemble new virions immediately, culminating in lysis + death of cell

lysogenic cycle process

temperate phages integrate its genome into bacterial chromosome (becomes prophage), bacterial replicates both phage and its own

what phage cycle change cycles? under what condition?

lysogenic cycle can enter lytic cycle when under stressful conditions

phage mosaicism

phage genomes are highly mosaic, being really sloppy with replication (high variation, may even leave with some of host dna)

virulence factors abilities that prompt fungal colonization

adhere to host cells + resist physical removal, invade host cells, compete for nutrients, resist innate immunity, evade adaptive immune defenses

cryptococcus neoformans

fungus that can cause a life-threatening brain infection

pneumocystis jirovecii

fungus that causes life threatening pneumonia in AIDS patients

candida spp.

fungus that causes infections ranging from oropharyngeal infections (thrush) to skin/nail infections to vaginitis

candida auris

dangerous opportunistic fungal pathogens that causes severe, often bloodstream, infections primarily in hospitalized patients with weakened immune systems (including convalescent facilities)

candida albicans

fungus that causes a urinary tract infection (uti)

coccidioides immitis

fungus that often comes from dust storms, resulting in valley fever

trichophyton rubrum

fungus where its infections are found under toenails + fingernails

histoplasma capsulatum

fungus found in soil contaminated with bird/bat guano, causing acute pneumonia, chronic pulmonary infection

malassezia spp

fungus sourceing from commensal of skin (protective barrier), resulting in skin conditions including allergic atopic eczema

cryptococcus spp.

often in the environment in association with soil, pigeon guano, trees; once inhaled, causing pneumonia + meningitis

chytric fungus/bsal

invasive fungus that eats holes in skin amphibians, esp salamander/newts,, allowing for bacteria to enter and kill them

blastomyces dermatitidis

found in environment of soil/decaying wood, once spores inhaled OR direct inoculation of skin, causes acute/chronic pulmonary infections, skin lesions

cryptococcus gatti

fungus found in a fern tree, spores inhaled can spread to meninges around the brain causing headache, dry cough, sweating

virus

a non-living, infectious agent that require a living host cell to reproduce

envelope

a feature of a virus possessing an outer lipid envelope from host membranes

naked virus

feature of a virus that lacks a enveloped layer

capsid / nucleocapsid

protein capsule that encloses the genome (DNA or RNA) of a virus

shapes of viruses

helical (rod shaped), polyhedral (multi-sided) or complex structures (like phages)

how do viruses replicate?

use our own ribosomes to translate mRNA

obligate intracellular parasites

describes a parasitic pathogen that cannot reproduce outside a host

virus pathogenesis procress

attachment to host → penetration of genetic material entering host → uncoating of capsid to release genetic material → gene expression + replication to produce viral components → assembly of new virus particles (virions) → release of a bunch of new viruses, often killing host in process

what causes viral specificity?

viruses attach to host cells who have a certain receptor that matches

what kind of virus evolve rapidly compared to others?

RNA viruses

live-attenuated vaccine

type of vaccine that administers a weakened virus that is functional, but can’t you as sick as the actual

inactivated vaccine

type of vaccine that administers an chemically/heat inactivated virus, not 100% dead but wont do anything except for stimulate immune response

subunit/recombinant vaccine

type of vaccine that administers pieces of a virus, such as their spike proteins

mRNA vaccine

type of vaccine that gives genetic instructions for our cells to translate it to a viral protein that the immune system will respond to (makes antigens)

order vaccine types from safest to least

mRNA, subunit/recombinant > inactivated > live-attenuated

influenza vaccine type

trivalent vaccine to protect against common influenza A and B strains

MMR (Measles, mumps, rubella)

a combined vaccine that prevents three viral infections

COVID-19 vaccine type

mRNA + viral vector vaccines targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

Hepatitis A + B vaccine function

protects against acute (A) + chronic (B) liver infections

varicella-zoster (chickenpox + shingles) function

prevents chickenpox + its reactivation as shingles

polio (ipv) vaccine type

inactivated virus vaccine for polio prevention

rotavirus vaccine type

oral vaccine protecting against infant diarrhea

rabies vaccine function

post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies virus

how does controversy impact the rotavirus vaccine?

causes a rise in infections since it is no longer implemented in infants as a required vaccine

african swine fever

viral disease passed from ticks on warthogs and bush pigs (not fatal) to domestic pigs (fatal, especially for eurasian); comes from contaminated meat scraps that pigs ate— can be infectious for months

SARS-rV-2

a virus a part of the coronavirus family that is believed to come from bats and humans via a intermediate host

what increases the transmission of disease?

loss of biodiversity, encroachment, and habitat loss