Binge Drinking: The Digestive and Urinary Systems

Flashcards covering the structures, functions, and effects of alcohol on the human digestive and urinary systems based on Chapter 18.

Over __________ students required medical treatment for alcohol poisoning in one year.

$$30,000$$

The __________ is the digestive tract that allows food to be exposed to actions and secretions of organs and glands.

Alimentary canal

__________ digestion grinds down food to increase surface area, while __________ digestion converts polymers into subunits using secretions.

Mechanical; chemical

The four distinct phases of the digestive process in humans are ingestion, digestion, __________, and elimination.

absorption

During mechanical digestion in the mouth, the tongue forms a ball of food called a __________ and pushes it to the pharynx.

bolus

The process of __________ involves smooth muscle contractions that push food through the esophagus to the stomach.

peristalsis

Chemical digestion begins in the mouth where __________ breaks down sugars.

Salivary amylase

In the stomach, food is turned into a slurry called __________ with digestive enzymes and gastric juices.

chyme

The stomach enzyme __________ is specifically responsible for breaking down proteins.

pepsin

The liver produces __________, which aids in the absorption of fats.

bile

The __________ stores and concentrates bile to be released into the small intestine.

Gallbladder

The __________ produces digestive enzymes and a buffer that neutralizes the acidity of stomach acid.

pancreas

The __________ is a flap of tissue in the pharynx that blocks the windpipe so swallowed food cannot enter the lungs.

epiglottis

The movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine is regulated by the __________.

pyloric sphincter

The small intestine is covered in minute projections called __________ and microscopic projections called __________ that increase surface area for absorption.

villi; microvilli

Bacteria in the __________ (large intestine) produce vitamins $B_1$, $B_2$, $B_{12}$, and $K$.

colon

Heavy drinking can cause __________, which is the formation of scar tissue that prevents proper blood flow through the liver.

cirrhosis

__________ is the inflammation of the pancreas that prevents the secretion of digestive enzymes.

Pancreatitis

The urinary system consists of four major organs: kidneys, __________, urinary bladder, and urethra.

ureters

Each kidney contains approximately __________ nephrons (looped tubules) and filters __________ liters of blood every 24 hours.

$1,250,000$; $1000$

Nephrons process waste in four phases: filtration, __________, secretion, and excretion.

reabsorption

Alcohol acts on the pituitary gland to lessen __________ secretion, which leads the kidneys to reabsorb less water.

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Alcohol is a __________, meaning it promotes the formation of urine and increases the volume released from the bladder.

diuretic

Because an intoxicated person is not legally capable of giving consent, it is a __________ offense to have sex with a drunk person.

felony