t1 bio

all cells contain

genetic material, cytosol, ribosomes and a cell membrane

prokaryotic cells

single celled, no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus

peptidoglycan

polysaccharide that make up the cell wall of prokaryotic cells

eukaryotic cells

single/multicellular, membrane bound organelles

nucleus

controlling and coordinating cells, houses dna and has a double membrane

mitochondria

site of cellular respiration to produce atp

crystae

the folded inner membrane section in the mitochondria

matrix

liquid in the inner layer of the mitochondria

mutations

random changed in genes

spontaneous mutations

genetic alterations that happen naturally such as due to dna replication issues

induced mutations

genetic alterations due to external mutagens, such as exposure to radiation

genes

segments of dna that encode for a particular protein/part of a protein

alleles

gene variants for particular characteristics

genotype

set of genes/alleles found that are responsible for a particular trait

wildtype genes

within a given population, prominent/common phenotype within a population

mutant gene

least prominent/uncommon in a given population

chromosome

dna and protein (histones) tightly packaged into a distinct structure (46 in humans)

chromatin

loosely packaged dna and protein

karyotypes

all your chromosomes in your body arranged in a homologous order

gametes

haploid sex cells that determine gender of a child - X and Y

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic material that is passed on from one generation of organism to another

nucleotides

repeating subunit that makes up dna. deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

sugar phosphate backbone

phosphate and deoxyribose sugar that makes up the ‘rungs‘ of dna

complimentary base pairing

states that adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs up guanine

centromere

the part where the chromosomes splits into 2

autosomal chromosomes

the first 22 pairs of chromosomes in a karyotype

somatic cells

diploid cells found in the body that have 23 pairs of chromosomes

allosomes

the last pairs in a karyotype, the x/y chromosomes

down syndrome

trisomy 21

klinefelters syndrome

3 allosomes usually affects males and renders them infertile

turner syndrome

only 1 X chromsome, affects women and renders them infertile

trisomy

when theres one extra chromsome

point mutation

an alteration in a nucleotide

deletion

a block of genetic material is deleted

duplication

genetic material is abnormally copied resulting in extra genetic material

purpose of mitosis

growth, repair, regeneration and asexual reproduction

mitosis

cell division that produces 2 genetically identical cells

genome

complete set of dna within an organism including all of its genes

homozygous

2 identical alleles for a trait

heterozygous

2 different alleles for a trait

homozygous dominant

2 identical dominant alleles

homozygous recessive

2 identical recessive alleles

carrier

a heterozygous person is a carrier of the recessive trait

internal fertilisation

the sperm fuses with an egg inside the female body

external fertilisation

the sperm fuses with an egg externally (usually in water)

sex linked traits

the traits carried by the X and Y chromosomes

hemizygous

a gene that only has 1 allele which means it expresses that trait even if it is recessive

pedigree chart

a diagram that shows a family’s relationship and how traits are passed on from one another

mutagens

things tha can cause permanent changes in the sequence of nucleotides (e.g: smoking, UV, etc)