Finals Part 1 (Group 4, 5, 1, 7)

World Englishes

localized or indigenized varieties of English used by people from different cultural and sociolinguistic backgrounds.

Because it ignores how English acts as a vehicle for Western interests, potentially facilitating linguicide by marginalizing indigenous languages.

Why do critics like Robert Phillipson argue that the World Englishes framework can be naive?

They encounter a "native-is-best" ideology that undervalues their pedagogical expertise.

Which systemic challenge do non-native English teachers frequently face in the modern educational landscape?

Nativization

The adaptation of English to local cultures and languages

intelligibility, communicative success

A faculty member argues that English instruction must exclusively adhere to Standard British or American English variety, citing native speakers as the only legitimate custodians of "correct" usage. Applying Graddol’s (1999) concept of "centre of gravity", which argument best rebuts this stance?

• Since non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers, it is unreasonable to treat Inner Circle norms as the only valid basis for "correct" English. The university should instead prioritize ____ and ____ over native-speaker imitation.

nativization

Over time, people in a community begin using English expressions that reflect local customs, traditions, and cultural experiences. These expressions become common in daily conversations and the media. Which concept best explains this process?

• ____, because English is adapting to the local culture and linguistic environment.

linguistic diversity

An English teacher introduces students to Philippine English, Singaporean English, and Indian English, emphasizing that each variety serves the needs of its speakers. What principle is the teacher promoting?

• The recognition of ___ ___ and the legitimacy of multiple English varieties.

intelligible

You are a teacher grading an international student’s writing. The student uses grammar patterns common in their local variety of English (e.g., India or Nigeria), but the meaning is clear and the message is organized. What is the most appropriate response aligned with World Englishes?

• Focus only on whether the writing is ____ and meets the communicative needs of that context.

correctness

At an international conference, a presenter speaks English with local features (their speech community’s norms). Another attendee claims it is “incorrect English” because it sounds different from native-speaker English. What response best reflects World Englishes?

• Explain that ____ depends on local norms, intelligibility, and communicative success in that speech community.

appropriateness

A university plans an English policy requiring students to use only British/American standards in all academic tasks. Students from multilingual backgrounds argue this creates unfair pressure and labels their varieties as deficient. Based on the ideas in the passage, which policy change is most consistent with World Englishes?

• Evaluate performance through functional success, intelligibility, and ____ for the learners’ communicative contexts.

adequacy

A student uses a hybrid variety like “Hinglish” or “Singlish” during group work. Some classmates say it is wrong because it does not follow native grammar/pronunciation. However, the group understands each other clearly, and the task is completed successfully. What conclusion best matches World Englishes?

• Different linguistic forms are not automatically errors; communicative ____ within the setting determines legitimacy.

acculturation

English in the Outer Circle countries “has undergone ____ and nativization, has a body of creative writing, and has an official status” which was further explained by Kachru and Nelson (2006).

• Vocabulary development

• Grammatical and syntactic influence

• Pronunciation and accent

• Code-switching

Nativization can be observed in (4)

institutionalization

The process by which a localized variety of English becomes officially recognized and widely used in major institutions within the society refers to ____. A variety becomes ____ when it gains stability, acceptance, and legitimacy in domains such as education, government, media, business, and literature.

nativization, officially

Through ____, English developed localized vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and expressions that reflect local identity and experience. On the other hand, through institutionalization, these localized varieties became ___ recognized and widely used in education, media, government, and literature.

centre of gravity

As Graddol (1999) explains, for every one native speaker, there are now three or four non-native speakers, a ratio that will increase as time goes by. He further argues that the “____ ___ ____” of English has moved from native speakers to non-native speakers.

locally generated

New Englishes are ___ ____ and develop through a process of adaptation shaped by local experiences and communicative needs. These varieties do not need complete conformity to native-speaker conventions because those conventions were originally formed within entirely different historical and cultural contexts.

Multilingualism

A student grew up speaking Cebuano at home with family members. In school, the student usually speaks Filipino with classmates during casual conversations, but uses English when answering activities, joining class discussions, or writing essays. The student is not equally fluent in all three languages, but can use each one depending on the situation. Which concept is shown in the situation?

Translanguaging

A teacher is discussing a Filipino lesson, but notices that some students are having difficulty understanding the topic. To help them, the teacher explains the main idea in Filipino, gives examples in English, and allows students to answer using both languages. The goal is not just to shift languages, but to use both languages as resources for learning. What multilingual practice is shown in the situation?

flexible

According to Mustafayeva et al. (2025), multilingual speakers shift between languages to clarify meaning, emphasize points, express identity, build social connection, and adjust communication to context. What does this show about multilingual speakers?

• They are ____ and strategic communicators.

multilingual

How can monolingual school systems affect multilingual learners?

• They may make ____ students feel excluded and less confident.

identity

Why is language diversity important in society?

• It helps preserve ____, culture, and inclusion.

manage

Why are multilingual practices considered a sign of linguistic competence rather than deficiency?

• Multilingual speakers actively ____ and adapt their language use according to context, audience, and purpose.

adjust

Why is identity considered fluid in multilingual communities?

• Speakers ___ their language use based on situation, audience, and purpose.

social context

According to Siebenhütter (2023), multilingual speakers construct identity by:

• Drawing from different languages and language varieties depending on ___ ___

Taglish

In the Philippine context, which language practice is commonly associated with familiarity, ease, and social closeness in informal settings?

inclusive

Which of the following strategies best promotes both English proficiency development and linguistic inclusion by focusing on making educational materials more inclusive?

• Developing and using culturally and linguistically ___ educational materials that reflect learners’ backgrounds and support comprehension

multilingual

Which of the following strategies emphasizes improving teachers’ ability to handle multilingual and culturally diverse classrooms through targeted skill development?

• Implementing specialized training programmes for teachers focusing on ____ teaching strategies and cultural sensitivity

incidental

What is the primary difference between English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) and other language-oriented approaches?

• In EMI, language learning is ____, and the primary focus is on student mastery of subject content.

global

Which of the following helps workers communicate with people from different countries, making them more globally competitive

• English gives access to ___ knowledge and information

understanding

When students struggle with comprehension, what learning pattern typically emerges, and why is it considered a barrier to deeper learning?

• Students memorize sentences without ____, which prevents genuine mastery of subject content.

peer

In a Grade 10 science class, students struggle to understand a lesson on chemical reactions taught only in English. However, after discussing the topic with their classmates using both English and their native language, learners begin to understand the concept better. Which idea best explains this situation?

• Encourage structured ___ learning where students can collaborate and clarify concepts using both English and their native language when needed

inclusive

In a mathematics class, students find it difficult to understand word problems because the examples used in their textbooks are culturally unfamiliar and written in complex English. As a result, many students disengage during lessons and perform poorly in assessments. What is the most appropriate strategy to improve both comprehension and inclusivity?

• Develop and use culturally and linguistically ____ educational materials that reflect students’ experiences and support better understanding

mastery

A Physics professor is teaching a university course in English (EMI). During a mid-term exam, a student provides a mathematically perfect explanation of a complex theory but uses non-standard grammar and several "code-switching" terms from their native language to bridge gaps in their vocabulary. How should the professor evaluate this student's performance?

• The professor should focus on the student's ___ of the Physics content, as language learning in EMI is incidental and not an explicit objective.

self-esteem

A University Dean in a multilingual province is redesigning the curriculum for an English-medium Business program. To improve student engagement, the Dean decides to replace Western-centric business case studies with examples involving local entrepreneurs and regional economic histories, even though the language of instruction remains English. What is the intended academic outcome of this decision?

• It promotes students’ _____ and motivation by making the curriculum culturally relevant and relatable.

employment

A Newly Graduate English Language student enrolled himself in a TESOL and TEFL Course in hopes of expanding his career abroad. What is the purpose of the English Language in this setup?

• English improves ____ opportunities

Internationalisation

Maya, a clothing shop owner, has successfully expanded her sales nationwide. She created different social media platforms like Instagram, Tiktok, and Facebook to increase the promotion on her new releases. After some time, she received inquiries about shipping overseas. What is the purpose of English in this scenario?

• ____ of small to medium-size enterprises

English dominance

A public school in a multilingual community shifts most of its subjects to English as the medium of instruction to improve global competitiveness. After two years, teachers notice that students increasingly struggle to express ideas in their local language, and some cultural traditions are no longer being discussed in class. What challenge of English-dominant education is being illustrated in this situation?

• Weakening of local language and culture due to ___ ____

Socio-economic

In a Grade 9 classroom, students from higher-income families who attend English tutoring centers consistently perform better in science and math compared to their classmates who only rely on classroom instruction. The teacher also observes that many students struggle to understand complex lessons because English is not their first language. What inequality in English-medium education is being shown in this situation?

• _____ differences and language access create unequal learning experiences

peer

In a Grade 11 Biology class, students struggle to understand complex English terms for cellular processes. The teacher allows them to discuss concepts in their native language before presenting answers in English. Which teaching approach best describes this situation?

• Structured ___ peer learning with translanguaging support

comprehension

A student who grew up speaking only English at home excels in subjects taught in English, but struggles to participate in Filipino and History classes where instruction and discussion are conducted in the native language. The student often avoids answering in class and feels disengaged from cultural topics. How should the teacher best evaluate while supporting this student’s learning?

• Focus on the student’s ____ of historical and cultural content, while gradually supporting the Filipino language.

English as a Medium of Instruction

the use of English to teach academic subjects in countries or jurisdictions where it is not the native language

content mastery

English as the means to convey subject content focused on students’ ___ ___; as such, language learning is incidental and not an explicit objective

colonization

The earliest introduction of EMI have their roots in ____ or other direct foreign influence, such as the oldest EMI program in Sophia University in Tokyo, Japan, founded by German Jesuits in 1913, and the Philippines, where English has long been a medium of instruction in education, with the Central Philippine University established through a grant from American John D. Rockefeller in 1905 (Martinez, 2016).

Language Policy

the set of laws, norms, ideas, and practices related to the use of languages in a society, organization, or country. It decides what languages are to be promoted, taught, recognized, or utilized in education, government, media, and public communication.

Language practices

the specific linguistic behaviors individuals employ in their daily interactions.

Language beliefs or ideologies

encompass attitudes and ideals regarding languages.

Language management

efforts to influence or regulate language use.

linguistic culture

Schiffman (1996) contended that language policy extends beyond official laws and formal regulations to encompass the cultural attitudes, values, and assumptions a community maintains around language use. He underscored that language policy is fundamentally rooted in what he calls ___ ____.

Language Planning

a multifaceted array of actions that overlap two distinct and potentially opposing themes: the subject of 'meaning,' which is inherent to all linguistic and semiotic endeavors, and the topic of 'design.' Beginning with the fundamental dichotomy between created systems and evolved systems, ___ ____ entails incorporating design methods and features into a naturally evolving system, specifically language.

Status Planning

ascertaining the social and functional role of a language within a society or institution, including decisions about its official use and spheres of communication.

Corpus Planning

the methodical growth, alteration, and standardization of a language's internal structure, encompassing its grammar, vocabulary, spelling, and other linguistic elements.

Acquisition Planning

intentional efforts to shape and enhance the learning, instruction, and dissemination of a language among speakers or groups, especially through institutional and educational initiatives.

language policy, language planning

Collectively, these principles illustrate that ____ ____ establishes the basis for societal language decision-making, whereas ___ ____ serves as the means by which these decisions are implemented in practice.

• Global Economic Competitiveness

• Workforce and Career Opportunities

• Access to knowledge and innovation

Governments promote English because:

Article XVI, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines

states that Filipino and English are the languages to be used officially for both communication and school instruction. Moreover, this specifically acknowledges the linguistic diversity of the country, hence the explicit declaration that regional languages can serve as “auxiliary” official languages and a medium of instruction in their respective regions (Official Gazette, n.d.). This constitutional mandate simultaneously establishes a bilingual baseline for schools and provides local vernaculars with legal and formal validation to act as supporting instruments in the classroom.

The Bilingual Education Policy (BEP)

the use of both Filipino and English is assigned to corresponding subject areas, which aims for bilingualism at the national level. As well, the BEP clearly states that Filipino is to be utilized as the medium of instruction for subjects related to culture, heritage, and civic identity, i.e., Social Studies or Araling Panlipunan, Civics, and Humanities; that English is for global, technical, and scientific fields, i.e., Science, Math, and technology; and regional languages, as auxiliary or supplementary tools, for supporting young learners in Grades I and II to ease into English and Filipino.

The Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE)

This caused a huge shift in the educational system of the Philippines, shifting from the Bilingual Education Policy to multilingual education, where it was mandated that more than two languages were to be used in the classroom by requiring the use of regional and native languages as the primary medium of instruction at the starting point or during the basic learning of the students

coexist

English can ____ with local and indigenous languages, provided that it is ensured that these languages are not being silenced and obliterated by English, marginalizing them, especially in major institutional areas, such as education, media, and government settings, in which a language (e.g., English) that is often used on a strict, regular basis becomes unfairly dominant.