Final Exam: New Material

what are normative and informational social influence

• normative: social influence based on the desire to be liked or accepted

• information: social influence based on the desire to be correct

what was asch’s study of conformity and what type of social influence did it demonstrate

• participants asked to judge which comparison line best matched the standard line

• 75% of participants chose the incorrect line atleast once in order to agree with others

• unanimity of a social group is important to conformity

• normative influence

what was milgram’s study of obedience and what proportion of participants continued to shock the learner after he stopped responding

• participants served as “teachers” instructed to inflict shocks (were fake) of increasing intensity on the “learner”

• after the learner stopped responding, most “teachers” still continued to give shocks

what is social loafing

• reductions in motivation and effort when individuals work collectively in a group

what is deindividuation

• psychological state characterized by reduced self-awareness and reduced social identity

• increased feeling of anonymity, decreased feeling of responsibility, following norms of a group

what is group polarization

• tendency of groups to make more extreme decisions than individuals make alone

what is groupthink

• pattern in group decision-making in which members assume their decision will be correct

  • collective state of mind

  • group members unwilling to hear other views

what are prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination

• prejudice: a hostile or negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people

• stereotype: a generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to all member of the group

• discrimination: differential actions toward members of specific social groups

what are explicit and implicit prejudice

• explicit: prejudice that can be overly expressed

• implicit: prejudice that the individual may not be aware of/or cannot overtly express

what is the implicit association test

• measures implicit prejudice by asking questions about simple words and trying to place them into a category

what is the just-world phenomenon and how does it explain prejudice

• blaming the victim for being a target

• reinforce stereotypes by victim blaming

what is realistic conflict theory

• idea that competition for limited resources leads to conflict between groups and results in increased prejudice and discrimination

what was sherif robber’s cave experiment

• participants were separated into two groups

• groups lived on their own by themselves

• competition was introduced between the groups

• hostility formed and the only was to eradicate it was to introduce tasks in order for the groups to be forced to work together

how does social identity explain prejudice

• individuals’ self esteem partially depends on identifying with social groups

what is in-group bias

• positive feelings and behavior toward people in our own group

what are minimal groups and what was the minimal group experiment

• minimal groups: groups united by trivial similarities

• strangers formed into groups using trivial criteria and were given a choice about the mount of money given to the group and out of the group

how does categorization explain stereotyping

• our brains automatically classify information into categories but have a limited capacity

what is the contact hypothesis and is it supported

• direct contact between members of different groups can reduce prejudice and improve relationships

• yes, it is supported

what is cooperative interdependence

• relationship in which the outcomes of multiple people or groups depend on each others’ actions

how did sherif reduce prejudice in the robber’s cave study

• introduce goals which requires boys form opposing groups to cooperate in order to achieve a common goal

what is a jigsaw classroom

• used to eliminate competition and introduce cooperation in classrooms

• there are groups of students in which each has unique skill or piece of information

what is the drive theory of aggression

• aggression results from situations that stimulate the internal motive to harm others

what is catharsis and does it reduce aggression

• the notion that expression aggression of watching others engage in aggressive behaviors reduces aggressive drive

• however, committing or watching acts of aggression increases tendency toward future aggression

what is the frustration-aggression hypothesis

• frustration increases probability of aggressive behavior

how do similarity and proximity predict liking

• similarity: birds of a feather flock together

• proximity: liking those who are near us

what is the mere exposure effect and how has this been demonstrated in studies

• repeated exposure to a person increases our liking for the person

• college students were shown pictures of faces and liking was measured

what is the bystander effect

• bystander effect: the presence of other people makes it less likely that anyone will help a stranger in distress

why does the bystander effect occur

• diffusion of responsibility: the presence of other people makes each individual feel less personally responsible

• pluralistic ignorance: bystanders assume nothing is wrong in an emergency because other bystanders do not appear concerned

• evaluation apprehension: concern about social approval or disapproval

what is the psychoanalytic perspective of personality

• by sigmund freud

• explains behavior and personality in terms of unconscious processes

what two factors did freud emphasize in the development of personality

• unconscious: impulses, wishes and memories of which people are not consciously aware but affect thoughts and behavior

• childhood: adult personality is formed primarily by experiences in early childhood

what are the id, ego and superego

• id: most primitive part of personality, basic biology and pleasure

• superego: internalized morals and values of society, your conscious

• ego: delays fulfillment of impulses until the situation is appropriate, mediates id and superego

what are freud’s first three psychosexual stages

• theory of personality development reflecting conflict between child’s desire for pleasure and social expectations

what are the three stages of psychosexual stages

• oral: birth to 18 months

  • explore the earth through mouth

  • dependence and trust

• anal: 18 months to three years

  • attitude, conflict with compliance

• phallic: ages 3 to 6

  • oedipus complex

what is the oedipus complex

• boy desires exclusive relationship with mother

what are freud’s defense mechanisms

• repression: thoughts that are blocked from conscious awareness

• projection: person attributes his or her own unacknowledged feelings or impulses to other people

• rationalization: generating explanations for behaviors in an apparently logical way to avoid discomfort

• displacement: directing emotions towards others that are not the real object of their feelings

• denial: refusing to acknowledge realities or emotions

• sublimation: transforming unacceptable impulses into acceptable behaviors

what is psychological determinism

• all thoughts, emotions and behaviors have causes

what are freudian slips

• an unintentional error in speech, memory or behavior that is connected to our unconscious

what are projective tests and the Rorschach

• projective tests: present ambiguous stimulus to which person responds

• rorschach inkblot test: individual views a set of inkblots and tells what each inkblot resembles

what is the humanistic perspective of personality

• views people as inherently good and capable of determining their own lives through free choice

what are Roger’s concepts of empathy and unconditional positive regard

• empathy: capacity to understand another person’s experience cognitively and emotionally

• unconditional positive regard: being given the sense that individual is values by parents and others

what are the big five traits

• openness to experience: imaginative and witty

• conscientiousness: cautious and dependable

• extroversion: enthusiastic and sociable

• agreeableness: friendly and cooperative

• neuroticism: nervous and worrying

what is the DSM

• diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

• used to make clinical diagnoses

what is labeling theory

• psychiatric diagnosis is a way of labeling individuals a society considers deviant

what was rosenhan’s study

• rosenhan and seven others admitted to psychiatric hospitals

• faked symptoms of schizophrenia

what are anxiety disorders

• characterized by intense, frequent or continuous anxiety

what is generalized anxiety disorder

• global, persistent, chronic and excessive anxiety

what is a panic disorder and a panic attack

• panic disorder: attacks of extreme fear that are out of proportion to what the situation calls for

• panic attacks: attacks caused by the disorder

what are phobias

• irrational fear of a specific object or situation

what is social anxiety disorder

• intense fear of being in social or performance situations

what is obsessive-compulsive disorder

• ocd

• recurrent obsessions and compulsions that cause distress and significantly interfere with an individual’s life

what are obsessions and compulsions

• obsessions: persistent thoughts

• compulsions: behaviors that must be performed

what is major depressive disorder

what is bipolar disorder

what is mania

what is schizophrenia

what does it mean to have psychotic symptoms

what are delusions and hallucinations

what is disorganized speech

what is word salad

what are catatonic symptoms

what are positive and negative symptoms

what is dissociative identity disorder

what are personality disorders

what is borderline personality disorder

what is narcissistic personality disorder