APUSH Unit 1

Radicals

those who favor extreme change

will become incredibly violent to achieve change

radicals, reactionaries

liberals

favor government action

moderates

in between, both sides, middle people

conservatives

Stick to the traditional ways of government and tend to oppose change

reactionaries

want to go back to how things were

maize

corn, amazing, easy to grow, feed lots of people, can support large cities

three-sister farming

corn, beans, squash

"New World" prior to Europeans

Native populations in North America had a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based on interactions w/ environment and each other

Northwest tribe

Chinook

3 most dominant and advanced civilizations in the Americas

Aztecs, Maya, and Inca

Inca Empire

Empire in Peru

Aztec Empire

Empire in Mexico, flourished due to maize

Reasoning for Europeans to get to Asia

For trade; silk, drugs, perfume, sugar

Moors

Muslims of Spain

issues in european routes to asia

expensive, moors forced very high prices

Marco Polo

Italian explorer who wrote about his travels to Central Asia and China.

Portuguese exploration

Due to advancements in sailing technology, able to sail down the coast of Africa and open trade of gold and slaves

caravel

Portuguese ship

Portuguese in Africa

created trading posts for the purchases of gold and slaves

Bartolomeo Dias

rounds the Cape of Good Hope- the tip of South Africa

Vasco da Gama

the first to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa, made portugal rich, brought back spices

Ferdinand and Isabella

united Spain, drove out the Moors out of southern Spain

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator, funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. given credit for discovering the "New World," made four voyages to the "New World."

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided the New World between Spain and Portugal

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

New Spain

Mexico, Caribbean, Central and Southwest of present-day USA, Florida, Central America; started to create armed outposts to protect them from other Europeans and Natives

Ecomienda

allows government to "command" or give Indians to colonists in promise to Christianize them, basically slavery

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas

Montezuma

Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors (Cortes)

economic condition changes in Europe

capitalist system, due to the influx of money; spread commerce and manufacturing

merchants in France and Holland

start making money

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain

Vasco Nunez Balboa

discovered the Pacific Ocean

Ferdinand Magellan

first around the tip of South America, his ship was the first to circumnavigate the globe

Ponce de Leon

Discovered Florida

Francisco Coronado

Spanish explorer, in search of golden cities, went through Arizona and New Mexico and saw the Grand Canyon and buffalo (animal)

Hernando de Soto

Spanish explorer who discovered and claimed the Mississippi River for Spain

European nations response to Spain's new power

everyone felt threatened by them, wanted to be better,

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

Giovanni Verrazano

French explorer who sailed from Nova Scotia to the Carolinas

Jacques Cartier

discovered the St. Lawrence River

West African Slavery

spanish imported enslaved africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining

Spanish Caste System

defined the status of the diverse populations of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire

creoles

Spaniards born in Latin America

Mulattos

Persons of mixed European and African ancestry

Mesitzo

a person of mixed European and native American Indian descent

Sea Dogs

English sea captains and pirates

Anglican Church

King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases

Elizabeth I

wanted to spread protestantism and steal Spanish Ships

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

The Lost Colony of Roanoke

Failed attempt to establish a permanent English settlement in on Roanoke Island

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England, Armada was defeated by English "sea dogs" marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

Results of the Spanish Armada for Spain

Spain will go into decline, begin to lose a lot of its North american Empire, lose their fighting spirit

Results of the Spanish Armada for England

has all the traits needed for colonization to begin; unified state, popular ruler, nation unified by religion, good navy; and had a growing population, enclosure movement, primogeniture

primogeniture

A system of inheritance which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. Many of the other kids turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization,

Joint-Stock Company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts

The Virginia Company of London

charter from King James I of England for settlement in the New World, also granted the overseas settlers the same rights as Englishmen

Founding of Jamestown

King James I and the charter guaranteed the settlers that they would have the same rights as all englishmen

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America

John Smith take over

no work, no food- leads to cannibalism

starving time

Most of the colonists of Virginia died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

Lord De La Warr

New governor of Jamestown imposing a strict military rule, and declaring war against the Powhatan Indians

Powhatan Indians

Original inhabitants of the James River area

Anglo-Powhatan wars

defeated because of the three D's;
1. Disease 2. disorganization 3. disposability
they serve no economic function(slaves)so they can be disposed of

tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

Slave Kingdoms of Africa

Kingdoms that were enslaving Africans and sending them over to the United States

Indentured Servants

Colonists who came over from Europe under the promise they would be servants but in time would be given their freedom

Chattel Slavery

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

House of Burgesses

The first official legislative assembly in the Colonies (mini parliament)

Bacon's Rebellion

Uprising by poor colonists of Virginia against wealthy, attack the indians to get the land, resulted in the burning of Jamestown, very wealthy colonists realized they cant have indentured servants they needed slaves

Governor William Berkeley

corrupt and wealthy, government favored the wealthy,

Nathaniel Bacon

led the rebellion, but ended up getting sick and dying

Results of Bacon's Rebellion

new lands opened for the colonists, wealthy became more cooperative with the colonists, wealthy whites felt they would be better served by bringing in more slaves, racial exploitation, expulsion of more Indians

Sugar

required african slaves to get it, can't get enough because of rum, really labor intensive

Maryland

founded as a catholic paradise by Baltimore

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists, allowed anyone to come in as long as they believed in the trinity

New England

New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut- founded for religious purposes

pilgrims

English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony

Mayflower Compact

First agreement for self-government in America. conset to be ruled by majority

Massachusetts Bay Company

joint-stock company chartered by Charles I, first one that has a home-office not in England, self-governing, local control in colony

City Upon a Hill

Christian community based on God's will, model christian society

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, made idea of "City upon a hill"

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. "we don't need churches if we believe in God"

Rhode Island

Founded by Roger Williams, promoted religious freedom, outlawed slavery

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority

Half-way Covenant

recognition that the puritans aren't as religious as they used to be, indication of puritans losing power, eased requirements for church membership, no more "elect"

Salem Witch trials

Outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress

New Amsterdam/New York

Dutch colony purposely lost to England, becoming New York- named after Duke of York

William Penn

Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution "religious society of Friends"

Religious society of friends

official name for the Quakers

Pennsylvania

founded by William Penn, to have his Quakers live in peace, religiously tolerant

Southern Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Mercantilism

government needs to control foreign trade, export more than import, as much silver and gold as possible, favorable balance of trade, acquire as many overseas colonies as possible, colonies exist for the good of the mother country, cannot trade with other nations

Salutary Neglect

unwritten British policy of liberal laws, specifically for trade, used to govern and administer the American colonies

Robert Walpole

Prime minister of Great Britain ,position towards the colonies was salutary neglect.

Navigation Acts

rules that you are not supposed to trade with other nations, or smuggle anything, only trade with the mother country