Unit 1 NURS 201

What is the ANA definition of nursing?

Protection promotion and optimization of health prevention of illness and injury alleviation of suffering; diagnosis and treatment of human responses and advocacy in patient care.

What are the major components of nursing according to the ANA?

Health promotion illness prevention alleviation of suffering diagnosis/treatment and advocacy.

Who is considered the founder of modern nursing?

Florence Nightingale

What were Florence Nightingale’s major contributions?

Improved sanitation reduced mortality rates established nursing education emphasized observation/documentation.

What role did nursing have in early civilizations?

Care was provided mainly by family members and religious groups.

What happened to nursing during the Middle Ages?

Religious groups and monasteries cared for the sick.

How did nursing change during the Renaissance?

Nursing declined and many caregivers were untrained.

What characterized modern nursing?

Scientific research-based and professional care.

Who was the first African American professionally trained nurse in the U.S.?

Mary Eliza Mahoney

What was Mary Mahoney known for?

Advocating for racial equality in nursing.

Who founded the American Red Cross?

Clara Barton

What is Clara Barton known for in nursing history?

Battlefield nursing during the Civil War and founding the American Red Cross.

Who is considered the founder of public health nursing?

Lillian Wald

What did Lillian Wald contribute to nursing?

Development of public health nursing and community nursing services.

What criteria make nursing a profession?

Specialized education ethical code standards autonomy service orientation and body of knowledge.

What is the role of the ANA?

Establishes standards supports nurses promotes research/education and publishes the Code of Ethics.

What are the 6 steps of the nursing process?

Assessment diagnosis outcomes identification planning implementation evaluation.

What is the purpose of the ANA Code of Ethics?

Guides ethical behavior and protects patient rights.

What are the four aims of nursing?

Promote health prevent illness restore health facilitate coping with disability/death.

Give an example of health promotion.

Teaching healthy diet and exercise.

Give an example of illness prevention.

Vaccinations and screenings.

Give an example of restoring health.

Postoperative nursing care.

Give an example of facilitating coping with disability or death.

Hospice care and emotional support.

What are Nurse Practice Acts?

State laws regulating nursing practice and scope of practice.

What exam is required for nursing licensure?

NCLEX.

What does an LPN/LVN do?

Provides basic bedside nursing care under supervision.

What is an ADN?

Associate Degree in Nursing prepares students for RN licensure.

What is a BSN?

Bachelor of Science in Nursing includes leadership research and community health.

What does APRN stand for?

Advanced Practice Registered Nurse.

Name the APRN roles.

Nurse practitioner nurse anesthetist nurse midwife clinical nurse specialist.

What is a Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP)?

An APRN who provides primary care across the lifespan.

What is a DNP?

Doctor of Nursing Practice focused on clinical leadership/practice.

What is a PhD in nursing focused on?

Research and theory development.

Why is continuing education important in nursing?

Maintains competency and updates nursing knowledge.

What are current trends in nursing practice?

EBP technology telehealth aging population shortages cultural competence patient-centered care.

Why is self-care important for nurses?

Prevents burnout and improves safe patient care.

Give examples of self-care strategies for nurses.

Sleep exercise healthy eating counseling stress management.

What are the three primary sources of nursing knowledge?

Traditional authority and scientific research.

Which source of nursing knowledge is considered most reliable?

Scientific research.

What is tradition as a source of knowledge?

Practices done because “they’ve always been done that way.”

What is authority as a source of knowledge?

Information from experts or experienced professionals.

What is scientific research as a source of knowledge?

Evidence obtained through systematic study.

What four common concepts are found in nursing theories?

Person environment health and nursing care.

What is evidence-based practice (EBP)?

Combining best research evidence

What is the role of nursing research?

Develops knowledge and improves patient care/outcomes.

Why is evidence-based practice important?

Improves quality safety and patient outcomes.

How does hand hygiene improve patient outcomes?

Reduces infections.

Why are immobile patients turned every 2 hours?

To prevent pressure injuries.

What is the purpose of fall prevention programs?

Reduce patient falls and injuries.

How has evidence-based sterile technique improved care?

Reduced central line bloodstream infections.

How does early mobility after surgery help patients?

Promotes faster recovery and fewer complications.

What is the difference between health and wellness?

Health: A state of physical mental and social functioning and Wellness: An active process of achieving the highest level of health.

What is disease?

A medical condition with specific signs and symptoms that alters normal body function.

What is illness?

A person’s subjective experience of not feeling well.

Can a person have a disease without feeling ill?

Yes. Example: High blood pressure may have no symptoms.

Can a person feel ill without having a diagnosed disease?

Yes. Example: Fatigue or pain without a confirmed diagnosis.

What is an acute illness?

An illness with rapid onset and short duration.

Give examples of acute illness.

Flu appendicitis strep throat.

What is a chronic illness?

A long-term illness that may last months or years.

Give examples of chronic illness.

Diabetes hypertension and asthma.

What is remission?

A period when symptoms decrease or disappear.

What is exacerbation?

Worsening or return of symptoms.

Give an example of remission and exacerbation.

A patient with asthma having symptom-free periods (remission) and asthma attacks (exacerbation).

What are the stages of illness behavior?

Symptom experience Assumption of the sick role Medical care contact Dependent patient role and Recovery/rehabilitation

What occurs during the symptom experience stage?

The person notices symptoms and realizes something is wrong.

What occurs during assumption of the sick role?

The person accepts they are ill and seeks validation from others.

What occurs during medical care contact?

The person seeks professional healthcare advice or treatment.

What occurs during the dependent patient role?

The patient accepts treatment and relies on healthcare professionals.

What occurs during recovery/rehabilitation?

The person gives up the sick role and resumes normal activities.

What are human dimensions affecting health?

Physical emotional intellectual environmental sociocultural and spiritual dimensions.

What are risk factors?

Conditions or behaviors that increase the chance of illness or injury.

What are modifiable risk factors?

Risk factors that can be changed.

Give examples of modifiable risk factors.

Smoking poor diet lack of exercise and alcohol use.

What are non-modifiable risk factors?

Risk factors that cannot be changed.

Give examples of non-modifiable risk factors.

Age genetics sex and family history.

What is health equity?

Fair and equal opportunity for everyone to achieve optimal health.

What are health disparities?

Differences in health outcomes among groups due to unequal social economic or environmental conditions.

Give an example of health equity.

Providing equal access to vaccines and healthcare services.

Give an example of a health disparity.

Higher rates of diabetes in underserved populations due to limited healthcare access.

What are social determinants of health (SDOH)?

Conditions in which people are born grow live work and age that affect health outcomes.

Give examples of social determinants of health.

Education income housing transportation food access and healthcare access.

How can education affect health?

Lower education levels may limit health literacy and healthcare access.

How does income impact health?

Limited income may reduce access to nutritious food

How can poor housing affect health?

Unsafe housing can increase exposure to illness

What is primary prevention?

Preventing disease before it occurs.

Give examples of primary prevention.

Vaccines exercise healthy diet and smoking cessation.

What is secondary prevention?

Early detection and treatment of disease.

Give examples of secondary prevention.

Mammograms blood pressure screening and colonoscopy.

What is tertiary prevention?

Reducing complications and improving quality of life after disease occurs.

Give examples of tertiary prevention.

Rehabilitation physical therapy support groups diabetes management.

Which prevention level includes vaccines?

Primary prevention.

Which prevention level includes screening tests?

Secondary prevention.

Which prevention level includes rehabilitation?

Tertiary prevention.

Which risk factors can nurses help patients change?

Modifiable risk factors.

What is the difference between remission and exacerbation?

Remission: Symptoms improve/disappear and Exacerbation: Symptoms worsen/return

What is the goal of health equity?

To ensure everyone has a fair chance to achieve optimal health.

What factors affect access to health care?

Availability of services ability to pay and sociocultural factors.

How does availability of services affect healthcare access?

Limited providers or facilities can reduce access to care especially in rural or underserved areas.

How does ability to pay affect healthcare access?

Patients without insurance or adequate income may delay or avoid care.

What sociocultural factors affect healthcare access?

Language barriers cultural beliefs education religion transportation and discrimination.