History 3 - Philippine LA History + PALA

Idjang

An ancient, pre-Hispanic mountain fortress or citadel in Batanes, Philippines. Built by the indigenous Ivatan people on high, elevated hills, these stone-and-wood structures functioned as community settlements and protective strongholds during times of war or severe weather.

Laws of the Indies

A comprehensive set of royal decrees and laws issued by the Spanish Crown. They governed the social, political, economic, and urban planning aspects of the Spanish Empire's colonies, including the Philippines, to facilitate colonization and Christian evangelization.

Plaza Complex

A Spanish colonial town planning model dictated by the Laws of the Indies. It features a central grid pattern centered around a main square, and was used by the Spaniards to effectively govern and convert indigenous populations.

Hortus Conclusus

A traditional enclosed garden, a concept applied in Intramuros (Manila's historic walled city) to create safe, introspective, monastic cloistered environments that shielded residents from the dangers and chaotic conditions of the surrounding external landscapes

Flora de Filipinas

The first comprehensive botanical compendium documenting plant species in the Philippines.