Exam 3: Short Answer

What is label 1?

Scala Vestiboli

What is label 2?

Scala Media

What is label 3?

Tectorial membrane

What is label 3?

Inner hair cell

What is label 4?

Outer hair cells

What is label 5?

Basila membrane

What is label 6?

Cochlear nerve fibers

What is label 7?

Scala tympani

What is the 1st layer of the retina?

Internal limiting membrane

What is the 2nd layer of the retina?

Nerve fiber layer

What is the 3rd layer of the retina?

Ganglion cell layer

What is the 4th layer of the retina?

Inner plexiform layer

What is the 5th layer of the retina?

Inner nuclear layer

What is the 6th layer of the retina?

Outer plexiform layer

What is the 7th layer of the retina?

Outer nuclear layer

What is the 8th layer of the retina?

External limiting membrane

What is the 9th layer of the retina?

Photoreceptor outer segments

What is the 10th layer of the retina?

Retinal pigment epithelium

What type of cell is label 1?

Retinal ganglion cell

What type of cell is label 2?

amacrine cell

What type of cell is label 3?

Bipolar cell

What type of cell is label 4?

Horizontal cell

What type of cell is label 5?

Rods photoreceptor

What type of cell is label 6?

Cones photoreceptor

What is label 1?

Olfactory tract

What is label 2?

Mitral/tufted cell

What is label 3?

Glomeruli

What is label 4?

Cribriform plate

What is label 5?

Axons

What is label 6?

Basal cell

What is label 7?

Olfactory sensory neuron

What is label 8?

Supporting cell

What is label 9?

Dendrite

What is label 10?

Olfactory cilia

What is label 11?

Mucus

What is label 12?

Olfactory epithelium

What is label 13?

Bowman’s glands

What is step 1 in phototransduction?

Conformational change of rhodopsin (11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal)

What is step 2 of phototransduction?

Activates transduction

What is step 3 of phototransduction?

Activates PDE

What is step 4 of phototransduction?

Leads to cGMP breakdown

What is step 5 of phototransduction?

Less cGMP causes closure of CNG channels

What is step 6 of phototransduction?

Leading to less cation influx

What is step 7 of phototransduction?

Causing hyperpolarization

What is step 8 of phototransduction?

So less neurotransmitters (glutamate release)

What is the 1st step of hearing?

Vibrations of the tympanic membrane create a wave in the fluid in the cochlea

What is the 2nd step in hearing?

Displaces the cochlear duct and basilar membrane

What is step 3 in hearing?

Displacement can be detected by special cells in cochlea

Describe the 1st step of central processing.

Spiral ganglion neurons terminate in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in the brain stem

What is the 2nd step for dorsal cochlear nuclei in central processing?

Contralateral inferior follicles in the midbrain (direct or indirect through the lateral meniscus)

What is the 2nd step for ventral cochlear nuclei in central processing?

Superior olivary nuclei send to where info from right and left sides integrated together

Describe the 3rd step in central processing.

Auditory goes through the medial geniculate nucleus to the auditory cortex

What is the 1st step in the gustatory system?

Chemical binds tip of taste receptor cell on surface of tongue or oral cavity

What is the 2nd step in the gustatory system?

Causes depolarization of the TRC

What is the 3rd step in the gustatory system?

TRCs synapse into gustatory nerve

What is the 4th step in the gustatory system?

Sent to nucleus of solitary tract in the brain stem > thalamus > eventually to insular cortex (for taste sensation

Which taste receptors go with sweet?

T1R2 and T1R3

Which taste receptors go with umami?

T1R1 and T1R3

Which taste receptors go with bitter?

T2R

Which taste receptor goes with salty?

ENaC

Which taste receptors go with sour?

TRP or TRP-like ion channel

What is the 1st step in the olfactory system?

Odorant binds to ORN

What is the 2nd step in the olfactory system?

Activates a special Ga-olf and adenyl cyclase > production of cAMP

What is the 3rd step in the olfactory system?

cAMP then open CNG channels that let in Na+ and Ca2+ which depolarizes the ORN

What is the 4th step in the olfactory system?

Ca2+ can amplify signal by opening Cl- channels