minden pookie's study guide 1

what can stem cells do

- self-renew [make more stem cells]

- differentiate [become specialized cells]

- can undergo asymmetric division

- can carry out BOTH proliferation and differentiation

asymmetric division of stem cells

- one daughter remains a stem cell

- on daughter cell differentiates

important cell functions

- cell proliferation

- cell differentiation

cell proliferation

- cell division that produces 2 cells

- occurs through the cell cycle

cell differentiation

- cell becomes specialized, takes on specialized functions

- often exits the cell cycle in G0 phase

Question: A differentiated cell is characterized by:

A. Having a specialized function

B. Always maintaining the ability to proliferate

C. Being present in the blastocyst

D. Going through the cell cycle on a regular basis

A. Having a specialized function

Question: Terminally differentiated cells are often found in the following

stage of the cell cycle:

A. S phase

B. M phase

C. Prophase

D. G0 phase

D. G0 phase

cellular basis of disease involves

- too little cell division

- too much cell division

- abnormal cell function

too much cell division

- tumors

too little cell division

- spinal cord injury [neurons], weakened heart muscles

abnormal cell function

- hemophilia

- inability of liver cells [hepatocytes and some endothelial cells] to produce enough clotting/coagulation factors

traditional approaches for treating human disease

- surgery

- drugs

new ideas in disease treatment

- renewal of damaged tissue

- stem cell therapy

advantages of stem cell therapy

- may lead to more individualized treatments

- use of stem cells improves disease research

important characteristics of stem cells

- act as a reservoir for new cells that will replace dead and dying cells

- maintain the ability to multiply [cell division]

stem cells by developmental stage 1

- embryonic stem cells [ES cells]

- pluripotent

stem cells by developmental stage 2

- adult stem cells

- multipotent or unipotent

- hematopoietic stem cells are multipotent

- spermatogonial stem cells are unipotent

stem cells by developmental stage 3

- fetal stem/progenitor cells from fetal tissue

- multipotent

stem cells by developmental stage 4

- umbilical cord stem cells

- multipotent

stem cells derived in the laboratory 1

- SCNT stem cells

- pluripotent

stem cells derived in the laboratory 2

- induced pluripotent stem cells [iPS cells]

- pluripotent if true iPS cells

stem cells derived in the laboratory 3

- parthenogenetic stem cells

- pluripotent

stem cell potency

- totipotent

- pluripotent

- multipotent

- unipotent

totipotent

- can form all cell types in the body as well as extraembryonic tissue

pluripotent

- can form all body cell types

Multipotent

- can form multiple related cell types

- most adult stem cells in the body are multipotent

unipotent

- can form one cell type

important examples of stem cells and their potency

- embryonic stem cells are pluripotent

- most adult stem cells are multipotent

Question: An example of a totipotent cell is:

A. A fertilized egg

B. A blastocyst

C. An adult stem cell

D. A and B

A. A fertilized egg

embryonic stem cells (ES cells)

- pluripotent cells from the blastocyst [early embryo]

early embryology step 1

- ovulated oocyte

early embryology step 2

- fertilization by sperm

early embryology step 3

- zygote forms and it is a diploid cell resulting from fusion of egg and sperm

early embryology step 4

- cleavage takes place

early embryology step 5

- morula forms

- solid ball of cells

early embryology step 6

- blastocyst forms ~5

early embryology step 7

- implantation

early embryology step 8

- gastrula forms ~16

blastocyst structure

- inner cell mass [ICM]

- trophoblast

- blastocoele

inner cell mass [ICM]

- these cells eventually give rise to all the cells in the body

- the source of ES cells [pluripotent]

trophoblast

- outer layer

- gives rise to extraembryonic tissue

blastocoele

- interior space

germ layers of gastrula

- ectoderm

- mesoderm

- endoderm

- once the gastrula stage has been reached, cells are no longer pluripotent --> become multipotent

ectoderm forms

- skin

- nervous system

mesoderm forms

- muscle

- blood

- bone

endoderm forms

- liver

- pancreas

Question: During embryogenesis, the diploid cell resulting from fusion of the egg

and the sperm is called the:

A. Blastocyst

B. Gastrula

C. Morula

D. Zygote

D. Zygote

Question: The germ layer that gives rise to the pancreas and liver is the:

A. ectoderm

B. endoderm

C. mesoderm

D. gastrula

E. zygote

B. endoderm

isolation of embryonic stem cells 1

- fertilization and formation of the blastocyst

isolation of embryonic stem cells 2

- scientists remove cells from the inner cell mass [ICM]

isolation of embryonic stem cells 3

- ICM cultured in lab

isolation of embryonic stem cells 4

- these cells can differentiate into many lineages

Question: Embryonic stem cells are derived from the:

A. Inner cell mass

B. Gastrula

C. Morula

D. Both the inner cell mass and the morula

A. Inner cell mass

Question: What is the primary characteristic of embryonic stem cells?

A. They are derived from adult tissues

B. They have limited differentiation potential

C. They can differentiate into any cell type in the body

D. They are only found in the bone marrow

C. They can differentiate into any cell type in the body

summary

- stem cells can both self-renew and differentiate

- cells can be totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, unipotent

what are stem cells promising for

- regenerative medicine

- disease modeling

- personalized treatments

Question: Which of the following is a unique property of embryonic stem cells compared to

adult stem cells?

A. They are more easily obtained

B. They have a higher risk of rejection in transplantation

C. They have a greater capacity for differentiation into different specialized cells

D. They are more specialized in their differentiation potential

C. They have a greater capacity for differentiation into different specialized cells

Question: Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to:

A. All types of cells including the placenta

B. All types of tissue except extraembryonic tissue

C. Specifically blood cells

D. Specifically, dopamine neurons

B. All cell types except extraembryonic tissue