Speech Final Study

communication

process of sharing information by using symbols to send and receive messages

communication model

visual representation of the process of communication

verbal language

using words to communicate

nonverbal language

communication without words

channels, 2 examples

avenue in which communication is taking place like text messages or emails

message

information that is being communicated

jargon

words that apply to a particular field or interest

slang

newly coined words or old words used in new ways

dialect

pronounciation that differs in a regional or cultural variety

pitch

highness or lowness of the sound you make

volume

loudness, or intensity of a sound

feedback

response to a message

decoding

finding the meaning of verbal and nonverbal symbolsd

encoding

process of turning ideas and feelings into verbal and nonverbal symbols

3 types of interferences/distractions

physical noise, psychological noise, semantic noise

4 types of articulation problems

substituing, omitting, transposing, adding extra sounds

omitting sounds

leaving a sound out, some shortcutting is normal, but too much is an articulation problem (probly, probably)

transposing sounds

switching or reversing sounds in which sounds are spoken (like perfer, prefer)

adding sounds

pronouncing unnecessary letters that should be silent (especial, special)

substituing sounds

can reduce effectiveness of speech when communicating to audience (like da, the)

psychological noise

thoughts and feelings that distract from listening

physical noise

any sound that prevents a person from being heard

semantic noise

words that triggers negative feelings about the speaker

what are the 4 spaces for communication

intimate, personal, social, public

intimate space

18 inches distance in which u feel comfortable communicating with family and friends.

social space

distance up to 12 feet from others, in which you carry on formal conversations

personal space

4 feet of comfortable distance in which you conduct most conversations

public space

distance beyond 12 feet, usually have public speeches or oral readings taking place

articulation

speaking in a way so audience can understand your message clearly

what are the 3 general purposes for speaking?

to inform, persuade, or entertain

4 tips for writing

always write your purpose + thesis first, we we write for the EAR and not for the EYES, be more conversational in tone, focus on audience’s interests

we write for the ____, and not for the ____

ear, eye

3 topic picking tips

look at what is trendy, things that will interest your audience, or new ways to talk about old topics

what does KFC stand for?

know about, feel strong, can do your topic

informative speech

provides info to audience

transitions

shows movement from one point to the next

attention getters

grabs audience’s attention in speech

purpose statement

what you intend to achieve in your speech

thesis statement

sentence that expresses speaker’s most important ideas

what is the roadmap to your speech

thesis

verbal citations purpose

saying citations out loud in a way that sounds pleasing to the ear

3 things that must be in a verbal citaiton

author of work, publication date, and title of work

anecdotes

brief amusing stories

building blocks of strong argument, with base, top, and 3 columns and what’s between those

top is argument, base is evidence, columns are facts, and in between columns are extra stuff like ethos, pathos

ethos meaning

establishing your credibility and trust.

pathos meaning

creating emotional appeals (positive or negative), statements that arouse emotions in audience

logos meaning

use of evidences, facts, arguments

5 stages of maslow’s hierarchy FROM TOP TO BOTTOM

self actualization, esteem, love + belonging, safety need, physiological needs

self-actualization

desire to become the most that one can be

esteem

respect, status, recognition, strength, freedom

love + belonging

friendship, family, sense of connection

safety needs

personal security, employment, health, propertys

physiological needs

air, food, shelter, sleep

propaganda

improper appeal to emotion used for the purpose of swaying opinions of an audience

logical fallacies

examples of flawed reasoning

loaded words

using words that will make people feel strong about something

transfer

someone tries to transfer positive or negative things from one thing to another

repetition

using repeated messages/pictures to persuade

red herring

attempt to distract reader with details not relevant to the argument

testimonial

famous person/expert to persuade

bandwagon

persuading people to do something by telling them that others are doing it

plain folk

using everyday people to sell a product

name calling

links a person, idea, or product to a symbol

circular reasoning

supports a claim with restatements of the same claim

glittering generalities

using emotionally appealing but meaningless words to an idea or cause, (creamy, dreamy)

argument

claim based off of facts

evidence (one word definition)

research

fact

info proved by evidence

what aree the 4 types of audiences

favorable, neutral, apathetic, hostile

favorable audience

majority of audience AGREES with your thesis

neutral audience

majority of audience are UNDECIDED about your thesis, they want more information to persuade them

apathetic audience, most ___ audience

majority of audience has NO OPINIONS, most difficult to persuade

hostile audience

majority of audience DISAGREE with your thesis, they need to be shown worthy listening to you

what is the standard MLA font type and font size, and which spacing, and how wide are the margins

times new Roman, 12, double spaced, 1 inch margins