quick

y-intercept =

y-intercept = 1/Vmax

x-intercept

-1/Km

slope =

Km/Vmax

Coding strand

same as mRNA except T → U

introns

removed

exons

expressed

Template strand

complementary to mRNA

increase transcription - eurochromatin

Acetylation

decrease transcription

Methylation -

DNA/transcription

nucleus

rRNA/ribosomes

nucleolus

secreted/membrane proteins, ribosomes made here

rough er

lipids, detox, Ca²⁺ storage

smooth er

modifies/packages

golgi

degradation, digests things

lysosomes

fatty acid oxidation, detox H₂O₂

peroxisome

ATP, apoptosis

mitochondria

caspases -

apoptosis

structure/transport/division

cytoskeleton

spindle, cilia, flagella

microtubules

movement, cleavage furrow

actin - microfilaments

away from heart, high pressure

arteries

capacitance vessels, valves

veins

capilaries

exchange

systole -

contraction

diastole

relaxation

Diaphragm contracts

inhalation, decreased pressure

CO₂ high

strongest drive to breath

Right shift

decrased affinity - pH, unloads O₂

High compliance

easy to strech

Low compliance

stiff lung

most reabsorption

PCT

Descending limb

water leaves

Nephron flow

bowmans capsule - > pct → loop of henle → dct → collecting duct

ADH inserts aquaporins

collectint duct

salt leaves, impermeable to water

ascending loop

water reabsorption

ADH

Na⁺ reabsorption, K⁺ secretion

aldosterone

raises blood pressure

RAAS

membrane receptor

peptide

intracellular receptor - when bound can act as transcription factor

steroid

stress, raises glucose

cortisol

released when high glucose levels, lowers glucose

insulin

kidney cells

secrete antigens

B/plasma cells

antibodies

low blood glucose, helps to raise glucose levels

glucagon

phagocytosis/APC

macrophases

all nucleated cells, CD8

MHC -1

APCs, CD4

MCH II