PSYCH ENDTERM

schizophrenia

A chronic psychotic disorder with disordered thoughts, abnormal behavior, and loss of reality.

16–25 years old

Common age of onset of schizophrenia?

Genetics, environment, brain chemistry, abuse/neglect

Key causes of schizophrenia?

~10%

Risk if first-degree relative has schizophrenia?

Paranoid schizophrenia

Type of schizophrenia that has Delusions + auditory hallucinations with preserved intellect

Disorganized schizophrenia

Type of schizophrenia that has Disorganized speech, behavior, inappropriate emotions

Catatonic schizophrenia

Type of schizophrenia that has Extreme immobility or excessive movement

Undifferentiated schizophrenia

Type of schizophrenia that has Mixed symptoms from multiple types

Residual schizophrenia

Type of schizophrenia that has Past episode, currently minimal/no symptoms

Antipsychotics

First-line treatment of schizophrenia?

Risperidone, Quetiapine, Aripiprazole

Example of antipsychotics?

Bipolar disorder

Mood disorder with manic and depressive episodes

Bipolar I

Type of bipolar disorder that has At least one manic episode

Bipolar II

Type of bipolar disorder that has Hypomania + depression

Family history, stress, substance abuse

Risk factors of bipolar disorder

Mood stabilizers, antipsychotics

medications of bipolar disorder

Depression

Persistent sadness ≥2 weeks affecting daily life

Neurotransmitter imbalance

main cause of bipolar disorder

Antidepressants + psychotherapy

treatment of bipolar disorder

Excessive worry ≥6 months

When is anxiety considered a disorder?

Excessive uncontrollable worry

Main symptom of anxiety

Antidepressants, benzodiazepines

medications of anxiety

Panic disorder

type of anxiety that has Sudden intense fear attacks

PTSD

type of anxiety that has Trauma-related flashbacks

OCD

type of anxiety that has Obsessions + compulsions

Social anxiety

type of anxiety that has Fear of social situations

Eating Disorders

Abnormal eating patterns due to psychological factors

Anorexia nervosa

Fear of gaining weight + severe restriction

Bulimia nervosa

Binge eating + purging

Pica

Eating non-food substances

Rumination syndrome

Re-chewing regurgitated food

ARFID

Avoidance of food without body image concern

Alzheimer’s disease

Progressive dementia affecting memory

Mild → Sundowning → Severe

Stages of Alzheimer’s

Huntington’s disease

Genetic disorder affecting movement + cognition

Addiction

Continued use despite harm

Nicotine effect

Releases dopamine (“reward”)

Caffeine addiction

Dependence with withdrawal symptoms

Verbal, physical, emotional, sexual, social, financial, technological

types of abuse

Isolation of victim

Goal of social abuse

Sexual Disorders

Conditions where sexual behavior or function causes distress, impairment, or harm to self or others.

Erectile Dysfunction

Inability to achieve or maintain an erection adequate for sexual activity.

Dyspareunia

Pain experienced during sexual intercourse.

Vaginismus

Involuntary contraction of vaginal muscles preventing or making penetration painful.

Orgasmic Disorder

Difficulty or inability to achieve orgasm despite adequate stimulation.

Impact of Parenting on Sexuality

Negative upbringing (abuse, neglect, hostility) can impair emotional and sexual intimacy.

Masturbation

Normal self-stimulation behavior that may cause guilt or distress depending on beliefs.

Homosexuality

A sexual orientation involving attraction to the same sex, not considered a disorder.

Extramarital Sexual Activity

Sexual relations outside marriage, increasing risk for STDs and relational conflict.

Paraphilias

Recurrent sexual urges or behaviors involving non-consenting individuals, unusual objects, or harmful acts.

Exhibitionism

Sexual arousal from exposing genitals to strangers.

Fetishism

Sexual arousal dependent on non-living objects or specific materials.

Partialism

Sexual focus on a specific body part rather than the whole person.

Frotteurism

Sexual arousal from rubbing against non-consenting individuals.

Pedophilia

Sexual attraction to pre-pubescent children.

Sexual Sadism

Sexual arousal from inflicting pain or humiliation on others.

Sexual Masochism

Sexual arousal from receiving pain or humiliation.

Transvestic Fetishism

Sexual arousal from cross-dressing, typically in males.

Voyeurism

Sexual arousal from secretly observing others undressing or engaging in sexual activity.

Necrophilia

Sexual activity involving a corpse.

Bestiality

Sexual activity between a human and an animal.

personality disorder

Long-term, inflexible patterns of behavior that impair functioning

Cluster A

Odd/eccentric (Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal)

Cluster B

Dramatic/emotional (Antisocial, Borderline, Narcissistic, Histrionic)

Cluster C

Anxious/fearful (Avoidant, Dependent, OCD personality)

Antisocial personality disorder

Disregard for others, no remorse

Borderline personality disorder

Unstable emotions, impulsive, fear of abandonment

Narcissistic personality disorder

Grandiosity, need for admiration

neurodevelopmental disorders

Disorders that begin in childhood affecting development

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Impaired social interaction + repetitive behaviors

ADHD

Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity

Intellectual disability

Low IQ + impaired adaptive functioning

Insomnia

Difficulty sleeping

Sleeping apnea

Breathing stops during sleep

Narcolepsy

Sudden sleep attacks

Acute stress disorder

Short-term trauma response (<1 month)

Adjustment disorder

Emotional response to stressor

Dissociation

Disconnection from reality or identity

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Multiple personalities

Depersonalization disorder

Feeling detached from self

Derealization disorder

Feeling world is unreal

somatic disorders

Physical symptoms without clear medical cause

Illness anxiety disorder

Fear of having serious illness

Conversion disorder

Neurologic symptoms without cause (e.g., paralysis)

Body dysmorphic disorder

Obsession with appearance flaws

Hoarding disorder

Difficulty discarding items

Trichotillomania

Hair-pulling

Enuresis

Bedwetting

Encopresis

Involuntary defecation

impulse-control disorders

Inability to resist harmful urges

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Defiant, disobedient behavior

Conduct disorder

Aggressive, violates rules/rights

Intermittent explosive disorder

Sudden aggressive outbursts

Verbal Abuse

Name-calling, threats, humiliation

Physical Abuse

Hitting, choking, use of weapons

Emotional Abuse

Gaslighting, jealousy, blame

Sexual Abuse

Forced sexual acts including marital rape

Social Abuse

Isolation from family and friends

Financial Abuse

Controlling money and restricting independence

Technological Abuse

Online stalking and control of communication