Module 5 - Reproductive Organs

Reproductive organs include (3)

flowers, fruits, and seeds

Part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached

Receptacle

The receptacle can form up to 4 types of modified leaves

Sepals, Petals, Stamens, Carpels

Protect the flower bud before it opens

Sepals

What is the sepal collectively called?

Calyx

Colorful modified leaves that attract pollinators

Petals

What is the petal collectively called?

corolla

For modified leaves that attract polinators: ___ are not directly involved in reproduction; ___ have no photosynthetic abilities

bracts; petals

Male part of a flower, pollen-producing parts

Stamens

Stamens are also called

Androecium

What is a stamen composed of?

long filament with an anther (composed of 2 lobes and 4 pollen sacs)

It is a part of a stamen that contains two lobes and four pollen sacs

anther

It is the male gametophytes that produce the sperm

Pollen grains

Is it the structure that contains or produces the gamete

gametophyte

Female parts of a flower, ovule-bearing parts

Carpels or Pistil

What do carpels contain? (3)

stigma, style, ovary

Female part of a flower that provides the sticky surface to catch pollen

stigma

Female part of a flower that connects the stigma to the ovary

Style

Female part of a flower that contains one or more ovules

ovary

The carpel is also called

gynoecium

Female gametophytes that contain eggs

ovule sacs

As the ovaries mature and swell, these will become all or part of the ____

fruit

Species with both male and female flowers are on the same plant

Monoecious

Species with male and female flowers on separate plants

Dioecious

_____ contains all four modified leaves (sepals, petals, stamen, carpel)

Complete flowers or bisexual flowers

All perfect/complete flowers are monoecious (TRUE or FALSE)

FALSE

_____ lack one or more modified leaves

Incomplete or unisexual flowers

Floral parts in multiples of 3

monocot

Floral parts in multiples of four or five

Dicots

Fertilization starts when a pollen grain deposited on the stigma germinates to produce a _____

pollen tube

Once it reaches the female gametophyte, one sperm fertilizes the egg, which then becomes a ____

zygote

After fertilization, the ovule becomes a ____

seed

A second sperm from the pollen combines with ______ to produce _____

polar nuclei, endosperm

This type of fertilization is a key feature of angiosperms

double fertilization

Along with the cotyledon, this produces food for the developing embryo

endosperm

The fertilized ____ develops into a seed, while the _____ develops into the fruit

ovule, ovary

A fertilized mature ovule that possesses an embryonic plant, stored food material, and a protective coat

seed

3 Basic Parts of a Seed

- seed coat

- endosperm

- embryo

Protects the internal parts of a seed, also called the testa

seed coat

It transmits information regarding the external environment to the inside of the seed

Seed Coat

Storage tissue that surrounds the embryo of a seed, provides nourishment to the embryo

endosperm

Embryo is comprised of (4) structures

- epicotyl

- hypocotyl

- radicle

- cotyledons

Embryonic shoot above the cotyledons

Epicotyl

The stem of a germinating seedling

hypocotyl

Small embryonic root

radicle

The process by which the embryo develops into a seedling

germination

This process describes the beginning stages of germination, where the seeds take up water, resulting in swelling and softening of the seed

Imbibition

The stage of germination where the seed activates its internal physiology, resumes metabolic activity, produces proteins, and begins to respire

Lag phase

By rupturing of the seed coat, the ___ emerges to form the primary roots

radicle

In the final stages of seed germination, the shoot starts growing upwards (TRUE or FALSE)

true

Seed distribution follows different kinds of patterns (3)

- Seeds and fruits attach to animals

- Seeds and fruits are carried by the wind or water

- Sometimes, the plant itself can be distributed

Self-induced seed dispersal happens in ____

dwarf mistletoe - seeds shoot up into the air after a buildup of water pressure and heat within the fruit

____ is a ripened ovary

Fruit

Is the tomato actually a fruit or a vegetable?

Botanically, it's a fruit. But legally, it's not.

It protects seeds from drying out and, to some extent, diseases and herbivores

Fruits

It is a ready-made fertilizer for seeds

Fruits

Parts of the fruit (2)

pericarp + seed

The pericarp is divided into 3 layers

- endocarp: innermost layer

- mesocarp: middle layer

- exocarp: outermost layer

Many plants produce exclusively by

sexual reproduction

Where is the embryo located?

Inside the seed

3 Types of reproductive cells:

Spores, sperm, eggs

Most gymnosperms produce seeds in ____

cones

These cones are narrower in size

male cones

These cones grow in the lower branches

male cones

____ : Produce pollen, contained in pollen grains; _____: Produce ovules

male cone, female cones

Female cones are wider in size because they contain ____

ovules in the center

These cones grow in upper branches of trees

female cones

What is the title and who is the author of this excerpt? "And if falling in love was discovery, was letting yourself be discovered the equivalent to being loved?

Katabasis, RF Kuang