Bacteria phiso exam 1 prep

Prokariotic metabolic activities are still

Compartamentalized

Archaea commonly belong to

All the above

Cell membrane can cause different

compartmentalization which in turn creates a different environment

In Archaea the membrane lipids are

long hydrocarbon chains

In Archaea the membrane lipids are connected by

ether linkages to glycerol

bacteria as well as in eukarya cell walls are made out of

fatty acids

Bacteria cell walls are linked through

ester linked to glycerol

Archaea lack ______ and instead have

peptidoglycan, Pseudomurein

which is not found in bacterial cell wall.

‘Pseudomurein’

Archaea contain ______ similar to that is found in eukarya

histones

The Archaea contain RNA polymerase with how many subunits

8-10 subunits

bacterial RNA polymerase has how many subunits

4 subunits

eukaryotic RNA polymerase has how many subunits

10-12 subunits

how are Archaeal protein synthesis differs from bacterial protein synthesis

archaeal ribosomes are not sensitive to the antibiotics affecting bacterial ribosomes indicating the structural differences

halophilic archaea have__________ not found in bacteria

light driven ion pumps

methanogenic archaea have several unique coenzymes that are not found in bacteria and are used for

reduction of CO2 to methane and formation of Acetyl CoA from H2 and CO2

Flagella

used for motility.

used for adhesion on different surfaces & twitching

Fimbrae (pili),

used for mating by some bacteria

Sex pili

Some bacteria can move without flagella by

gliding

Flagella helps the motile bacteria to drive towards

all the above

Flagella also acts for a important role in

bacterial virulence

The flagellum consists of

All of the above

The flagellum is made up of approximately

20 different types of polypeptides

The flagellum is made up of approximately how many genes

40 different genes for its assembly and function

Flagella can respond to

chemotactic signals

in Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhizobium meliloti, the flagella rotates in

only one dirrection

Basal body is at the

base of the flagellum embedded in the membrane.

gram postive have how many basal body rings

2 rings

gram negative have how many basal body rings

4 rings

whats goes through the basal body rings

A central rod attached to the filament passes

which ring is attached to the inner membrane

M ring

whats next to the M ring

s ring

both the M ring and S ring are made up of same type of protein called

‘FliF’ protein

True or false Both basal rings appear to be single ring under electron microscopy

True

In gram negative bacteria what rings serve as bushings and are attached to outer membrane and peptidoglycan layer

L (FlgH) and P (FlgI) rings

L (FlgH) ring binds to what

the lipid layer (L stands for lipid)

P (FlgI) ring binds to what

the peptidoglycan layer

L ring in S.typhimurium is made up of

lipoprotein which probably helps its attachment to the lipids of an outer membrane

Mutations in MotA and MotB genes result in

paralyzed flagella

MotA and MotB proteins are located in

the membrane next to MS rings

MotA and MotB proteins can act as A

protein channel

how many units of Mot A are there

4

how many units of Mot B are there

2

C ring is also called the

switch

how many MotA and MotB proteins surround the M and S rings

8-12 protein particles

MotA and MotB are believed to

transduce the proton potential into the rotation of motor

the change direction of rotationin flagella is regulated by the products of which gene/s

all the above

FliG, FliM, and FliN are known as

switch proteins

FliG seems to be bound to

the cytoplasmic side of the M ring

FliM and FliN proteins are believed to be a part of

cytoplasmic cylindrical attachment to the M ring

FliM and FliN proteins binds to the

C ring

the hook is made of the

The central rod

The central rod is made out of

FlgB, FlgC, FlgF proteins

The central rod is made of

multiple copies of protein known as ‘Hook protein’

Hook protein is a product of

flgE gene

HAP1 are products of

flgK Gene

HAP3 products of what gene

flgL genes

HAP1 and HAP3 are necessary to

form junction between the hook and the filament

HAP2 protein which is a product of

flgD gene

HAP2 protein function

caps the the flagellar filament

Mutants lacking these HAP proteins secrete

flagellin into the medium

Filament is semirigid and helical structure attached to

the hook

the filament is made up of the protein

flagellin (FliC).

the filament genes show homology at the

N and C terminal regions

The flagellin subunits are arranged in such a manner that there is a

central 60 angstrom unit hole

The hole in the fillament may play important role in

transporting flagellin during flagellar growth at the tip

rotational force which originates in the MS ring with the help of Mot proteins rotates

the central rod and eventually the filament.

The mechanism through which the Mot proteins generate rotational force using

proton efflux

The flagellum grows at

the tip

how do we know that the flagellum grows at the tip

This has been demonstrated by the use of fluorescent amino acids or radioisotopes

during flagella growth Mot proteins are made

at the end inorder to help growth

Some bacteria have flagella having smooth surface called

‘Plain flagella’

some have helical patterns of ridges and groves on surface and these are called

complex flagella

Plain flagella can rotate in

both directions

complex flagella can rotate

only clockwise with intermittent stops

Within archaeal flagellins there is some homology at the

N-terminus

instead of rings some archea have

knob like structure

fimbriae or pili or filaments or fibrils are commonly observed in

gram negative bacteria

fimbriae or pili or filaments or fibrils are made up of the protein

‘Pilin’.

fimbriae or pili or filaments or fibrils are commonly found in freshly isolated culture but

tend to be lost during subculturing and handling

The filamentous structures which mediate attachment of bacterial cells on various cell surfaces

Fimbriae

Fimbriae are also referred to as

Adhesive pili

Adhesins are the proteins at the tip that

recognize specific receptors on the cell surface

Fimbriae posses _________ on their tips which help them to stick to other surfaces

adhesins

hemagglutination where fimbriae is used to attach to

the surface of red blood cells.

Sex pili used for

the attachment to other bacterial cell for the purpose of transmitting DNA

how do sex pili bring the cells closer

through the depolymerization of pilin

which bacteriums mating is induced by sex pheromones secreted in the medium by recipient cells.

nterococcus faecalis

Glycocalyx is the term used to describe the

outer most layer surrounding the cell wall

glycocalyx may be in the form of

All the above

S layers are

the array of protein or glycoprotein subunits on the cell wall surface

in archaea the S layer sometimes covers

the cell membrane and serves as the cell wall itself

Capsule is a

extracellular fibrous material which is either loosely or tightly attached to the surface of bacteria

When capsule is loosely attached to the cell surface , it is also referred to as

slime layer or slime capsule or extracellular polysaccharide(EPS).

Capsule is covalently attached to

either phospholipid or lipid A embedded in the cell surface.

function of capsule

All of the above

Most of the glycocalyces are made up of polysaccharides but

some are made up of protein

Cell wall is responsible for

specific shape and protects the cell from bursting.

bacteria can be divided into two groups on the basis of

the type of cell wall they contain