Ap Psych Terms to Touch-Up on

bipolar 1

at least one manic episode, full mania experienced

bipolar 2

hypomania (less severe mania), at least one depressive episode

schizoid

lack of interest in social interaction and need for relationships “i don’t want to be social”

schizotypal

odd behavior, uncomfortable with being social

catatonic

excessive movement or lack of movement, extreme negativity

stimulus discrimination

knowing the stimulus is different than others and knowing the response for that specific stimulus

high order stimulus

when you pair an already conditioned stimulus with another unconditioned one to make a new association

wernicke’s area

responsible for comprehension

brocha’s area

responsible for speech

sensorimotor stage (0-2)

motor skills are being developed and have object permanence develop

preoperational stage (2-7)

egocentric (can’t perceive from another POV) but later develop theory of mind (realizing others have different minds); conversion (volume and mass is the same even when moved to a different container) is struggled with

concrete operational stage (7-12)

think more logically, more complex thinking, reversibility is learned

actor-observer bias

the tendency to attribute one's own actions to external causes while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve

broaden-and-build theory

positive emotions lead to more creative thoughts and action

reciprocal determinism

individual, environment, and behavior

acethylcholine

muscle contractions, memory and learning

dopamine

movement, thought process, rewarding sensation

serotonin

emotional states, sleep

norepinephrine

physical arousal, learning and memory

GABA

inhibition of brain activity

endorphins

pain perception, positive emotions, “runners high”

glutamate

primary excitatory neurotransmitter, memory

substance p

pain perception, immune response

agonists

mimics neurotransmitters

antagonists

blocks neurotransmitter activity

ghrelin

stimulates appetite and hunger

leptin

regulate energy balance and appetite

melatonin

regulates sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythm in the body

oxytocin

bonding and love

adrenaline

helps body adapt to challenging circumstances; “fight or flight”

mean

average, calculate by adding up all the terms then dividing that number by the number of terms you have

median

middle number of the set when you put the numbers in numerical order

mode

most frequently occurring term

positive correlation

both variable increase together

negative correlation

as one variable increases, the other decreases

standard deviation

spread around the mean; lower = scores are similar and close to the mean; higher = scores are varied and diverse

negative skew

tail left, data is higher in value

positive skew

tail is on the right; data is lower in value

statistical significance

shows if the data is due to chance; if p is less than 0.05, it is statistically significant and not due to chance, but it if it is greater than 0.05, it is more likely it is due to chance

effect size

strength of the relationship between the variables; the larger difference the stronger effect size