adversity

What is the broad term for a range of events and circumstances that have the potential to threaten health and well-being?

Adversity

What is the experience of chronic high levels of stress combined with a lack of supportive adults called?

Toxic Stress

Which type of stress is typically triggered by a single major negative event or a sudden catastrophe?

Traumatic stress (or trauma)

According to McLaughlin et al. (2012), more than what fraction of children in the U.S. are exposed to at least one kind of adverse event?

Half

Childhood adverse events account for almost half of childhood psychiatric disorders and what fraction of adult-onset disorders?

One quarter

How many different types of potentially stressful experiences are assessed in the modified Early Life Stress Interview?

30

Which tool for measuring early life stress is based on a modified version of the Traumatic Events Screening Inventory for Children?

Early Life Stress Interview

In the measurement of childhood maltreatment, court-documented evidence is considered what component?

Objective

Self-reports of childhood maltreatment history provided by adults are categorized as what component?

Subjective

Research indicates that the consequences of adversity can extend across what?

Generations

Maternal history of adversity is linked to lower what tone in children?

Vagal

Maternal history of adversity has been associated with a reduction in what brain measure in newborns?

Intracranial volume

Hendrix et al. (2021) found that maternal adversity history alters resting-state connectivity in babies in which brain regions?

Frontoamygdala

What hypothesis suggests that part of the risk for psychopathology originates from an adverse prenatal environment?

Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD)

Maternal adversity is related to what type of activity in children during inhibitory control tasks?

Increased right prefrontal activity

According to fNIRS-based research, prefrontal oxygenation in children tends to track with what?

Task difficulty

Callaghan & Tottenham (2016) posit that early experience could program the age of what transition?

Pubertal

Which form of adversity is most strongly implicated in accelerated biological aging?

Threat-related adversity

Growth trends for hippocampal, amygdala, and intracranial volume are characterized as what?

Nonlinear

Perinatal adversity leads to a faster growth rate of which brain structure, which in turn mediates childhood depression?

Right Hippocampal body

True or False: Children with high perinatal adversity eventually catch up in hippocampal volume to those with low adversity due to faster growth.

FALSE

Masten (2021) defines resilience as the capacity of a what system to adapt successfully to challenges?

Dynamic

Panter-Brick & Leckman (2013) define resilience as the process of harnessing resources to sustain what?

Well-being

The newer view of stress suggests that it is the result of an absence of what cues?

Safety

In the emerging view of stress, which brain region is engaged by perceived safety to inhibit the amygdala?

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)

Social relationships serve as an what source of perceived safety?

External

What biological measure refers to heart rate variability that corresponds with breathing?

Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA)

RSA is used as an index of activity in which nervous system?

Parasympathetic

Which cranial nerve is central to Polyvagal Theory and inhibits arousal?

Vagus nerve (Tenth cranial nerve)

According to Polyvagal Theory, higher RSA supports what type of social engagement in safe environments?

Calm

In Polyvagal Theory, what does a decrease in RSA support?

Mobilizing resources to cope with challenge

A higher what RSA is generally associated with better developmental outcomes?

Resting

The traditional 'deficit model' of stress is also known as a what model?

Non-adaptive

Which stress model suggests that early environments shape the nervous system to be functional for a specific predicted future environment?

Adaptive model

Under an adaptive model, why might high vigilance be considered functional in a dangerous future environment?

It helps detect threats quickly.

What hypothesis suggests that adversity leads to accelerated development?

Stress acceleration

Normative development involves a switch in frontoamygdala connectivity from what in childhood to what in adolescence?

Positive; Negative

Negative frontoamygdala connectivity supports more adult-like what and lower separation anxiety?

Emotion regulation

Previously institutionalized (PI) youth show an what emergence of negative frontoamygdala connectivity?

Earlier

The earlier emergence of negative frontoamygdala connectivity in PI youth acts as an adaptation against what problems?

Anxiety

What hypothesis suggests that early moderate stress acts as a 'vaccine' to decrease sensitivity to later stressors?

Stress inoculation

In monkey studies, social separations in early life led to what in response to future stressors?

More cortisol

What effect do social separations in early life have on cortisol response to future stressors in monkeys?

Less cortisol response

What behavior did stress inoculation result in for monkeys in novel environments?

Exploratory behavior

What term describes achieving external success following adversity while experiencing high internal physiological costs?

Skin-deep resilience

In Black youths attending schools with disproportionate punishment, high self-control predicted better academic outcomes but higher _____?

Insulin resistance

Insulin resistance is a physiological process implicated in which disease?

Cardiometabolic disease

What shapes a child's regulation of the environment?

Expectations of the environment

According to the Moffitt et al. (2011) study, self-control in the first decade of life predicts outcomes at age _____?

32

What does the cognitive reappraisal technique involve?

Changing the interpretation of an emotional event

What is the term for the process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating feelings, cognitions, and behaviors?

Emotion regulation

By what age do infants show rudimentary self-comforting strategies like thumb sucking?

5 months

The presence of a parent significantly decreases cortisol reactivity in children but not in _____?

Adolescents

What brain structure's reactivity is reduced by a picture of a child's mother?

Amygdala

Separation anxiety is linked to a lack of _____ connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala?

Negative (or mature) connectivity

Maternal presence has been shown to improve _____ control in children?

Inhibitory control

What is the most common childhood adversity according to the Early Life Stress Interview table?

Witnessed illness/injury (or moving/family moved in and out)

The 'Developmental Origins of Health and Disease' hypothesis was initially informed by research on fetal undernutrition during _____?

World War II

What type of biological aging measure involves the 'pace' of development in brain regions?

Pace of brain growth

What specific brain growth mediator connects postnatal adversity to depressive symptoms at age 8.5?

Pace of right hippocampal growth

Masten (2001) famously described resilience as '_____ magic'?

Ordinary magic

What is the objective component of maltreatment in the context of biological aging?

Documented evidence

What component of maltreatment involves self-perception?

Subjective component

Which system is being used when a child uses play for distraction and up-regulation of positive emotion?

Self-regulation

In Polyvagal Theory, the neural evaluation of safety often occurs _____?

Unconsciously

Social separations in monkeys are used to study which hypothesis?

Stress inoculation hypothesis

Higher academic orientation in Black youth from stressful environments was linked to _____ as a physiological cost?

Insulin resistance

What refers to the experience of severe stress brought on by a sudden, major catastrophe?

Trauma (or traumatic stress)

Which brain region's activity during an inhibitory control task serves as a marker for the impact of maternal adversity?

Right Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)

In the study of adversity, what does 'ICV' stand for?

Intracranial Volume

Biological aging measures like _____ length are used to track the cellular impact of stress?

Telomere length

According to the emerging view, stress is essentially the _____ of safety cues?

Absence

What is the process where a parent soothes an infant known as?

Co-regulation (or caregiver regulation)

Adversity and stress are powerful predictors of well-being, accounting for _____ of childhood psychiatric disorders?

Almost half

The Early Life Stress Interview sums _____ scores for each type of endorsed experience to assess total ELS?

Severity scores

Increased right prefrontal activity in children of mothers with adversity suggests they require more _____ when using inhibitory control?

Neural resources

Colich et al. (2020) found that threat-related adversity is a stronger predictor of accelerated _____ than socio-economic status?

Biological aging

In PI youth, the _____ normative switch of frontoamygdala connectivity is seen as a protective adaptation?

Earlier normative switch

What biological measure correlates with moment-to-moment changes in the environment and indices threat detection?

Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA)

What is the primary internal source of resilience mentioned in the context of high-stress Black youth?

Self-control

The _____ view of stress focuses on threat cues as the primary eliciting factor?

Classic view

According to the DOHaD Hypothesis, risk for psychopathology originates at what developmental stage?

Prenatal stage

A lack of food or supervision in childhood is categorized as _____ in the ELS interview?

Neglect

A child being hospitalized for asthma is an example of what ELS category?

Experienced illness/injury

In the reliable/unreliable art supplies experiment, children in the reliable condition waited _____ times longer for the reward?

Four (4x)

Which theory focuses on the 'social engagement system' being supported by the Vagus nerve?

Polyvagal Theory