HAN 477 Medical Emergencies Final Exam Review Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering pancreatic functions, diabetes types, medical emergencies, toxidromes, and renal health based on the medical emergencies final review sheet.

Alpha pancreatic cells

Pancreatic cells that stimulate the release of glucagon and glycogen stores and promote gluconeogenesis.

Beta pancreatic cells

Pancreatic cells responsible for storing and releasing insulin to keep the body in balance.

Delta pancreatic cells

Pancreatic cells that inhibit glucagon and insulin via somatostatin.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

-chronic, hereditary condition

-juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

-the body does not make enough insulin

-pronounced hyperglycemia and the triad of polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia (thirst due to change in energy and AMS)

-untreated —>can progress to ketosis or acidosis

Type 2 Diabetes

-most common form of diabetes (~90%)

-resulting from decreased binding of insulin to cells

-related to lifestyle choices

-managed with diet or oral drugs

Adrenal Insufficiency

A condition where the adrenal glands produce insignificant cortisol and/or aldosterone, impacting stress response, blood pressure, and metabolism.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

State of hyperglycemia (~500 mg/dL) occurring in the absence of insulin, characterized by ketones, Kussmaul respirations, and a fruity odor.

Kussmaul respirations

Deep and rapid breaths that serve as a clinical clue for Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA).

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma (HHNC)

Hyperglycemia with blood sugar levels of $800-1000+\,mg/dL$ presenting with severe dehydration without ketosis or acidosis.

Meningitis Classic Triad

The combination of fever, nuchal rigidity, and altered mental status.

NPO

A medical instruction to abstain from eating or drinking (nil per os).

Cullen’s sign

Periumbilical ecchymosis or blue-purple bruising around the umbilical area associated with hemorrhagic pancreatitis.

Grey Turner’s sign

Ecchymosis or bruising located on the flanks associated with hemorrhagic pancreatitis.

Hepatitis A

A short-term, acute viral infection transmitted via the fecal-oral route.

Hepatitis C

A slow, progressive disease transmitted via needle sharing; it is the leading cause of chronic liver disease and the #1 indication for liver transplants.

Sympathomimetic Toxidrome

A syndrome caused by excessive sympathetic stimulation (caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines) characterized by tachycardia, hypertension, confusion, and seizures.

Naloxone

A competitive opioid antagonist used to treat respiratory depression in opiate overdoses.

SLUDGE

A mnemonic for cholinergic symptoms: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Gastrointestinal upset, and Emesis.

Conduction

The loss of body heat via direct transfer through physical contact, accounting for ~3% of total heat loss.

Heat Stroke

The most acute heat emergency, defined by a core temperature >$40.5^{\circ}\text{C}$, anhydrosis, and altered mental status.

Fourth Degree Frostbite

A full-thickness injury involving the death of dermal tissue and extension into muscles, tendons, and bones.

N-acetylcysteine

The specific antidote used for Acetaminophen (Tylenol) overdose.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering, reabsorption, and secreting fluids, electrolytes, and waste products.

Serum Creatinine

An end product of protein and muscle metabolism with normal values of $0.6-1.3\,mg/dL$; high levels indicate renal disease when at least $50\%$ of function is lost.

Vertical transmission

The passage of a pathogen from mother to child either in utero (via the placenta) or during childbirth.

Croup

A childhood disease identified by a distinct "barking" cough, hoarseness, and stridor due to upper airway swelling.

Epiglottitis

A serious condition characterized by fever, heavy drooling, stridor, and pain on palpating the larynx.

Gamma pancreatic cell

Secrete pancreatic polypeptide

exocrine pancreas

acinar cells and duct cells

f cells

secretes pancreatic polypeptide