MLS lec FINALS

check and verify information on the label of the specimen before receiving them.

To avoid delays in testing, what should the phlebotomist do?

non-blood samples/specimens

are substances produced by the body which can be in either liquid or semi liquid form.

non-blood samples/specimens

These are found within body organs such as the bladder and spaces such as the joints.

urine

among the non-body fluids in the body, this is the most analyzed.

- this is available most of the time and is inexpensive

the type of test ordered by the physician.

The procedure for collection of urine should be explained properly to the patient since the type of urine collection and the method of collection depends on?

urine analysis

this provides a picture of the many metabolic functions of the body

accuracy or urine analysis

results largely depends on the collection method, container used, transportation and handling of specimen, and the timeliness of the testing.

the collection method,

container use,

transportation and handling of specimen and

the timeliness of the testing.

The accuracy of urine analysis results will largely depend on several factors such as:

technician

this person handles urine collection for the outpatient department

nursing department

inpatient urine collection is part of the responsibilities of this person

specimen rejection

the urine collection procedure should be explained clearly to prevent ?

routine urinalysis (UA)

This frequently ordered urine test screens the patient for any urinary or systematic disorders.

- This can be ordered during hospitalization and also form part of the physical examination procedure.

midstream collection

Although random specimen is acceptable, this method of collection in urine is recommended and ideal to ensure that there is no contamination caused by genital secretions, pubic hair or bacteria surrounding the urinary opening.

clear and dry with tight-fitting lids, should be chemically cleaned

The specimen container used for collection should be?

2 hours

After collection, the specimen should be transported to the laboratory immediately but it could be held at room temperature for how many hours?

light

Make sure that the specimen is protected from ?

urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)

is requested if the patient has symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI).

midstream clean-catch collection

the urine specimen in culture and sensitivity (C&S) should be collected in what method?

sterile

urine specimen in culture and sensitivity (C&S) should be placed in what type of container

18 to 24 hours

A measured portion of urine is cultured on a special nutrient medium for how many hours?

special nutrient medium

A measured portion of urine is cultured using?

medium/ special nutrient medium

this will encourage the growth of microorganisms.

a sensitivity or antibiotic susceptibility test

If a microorganism is present and identified , this test is performed to determine the most effective antibiotic that should be prescribed for treatment.

Urine Cytology Studies

is requested by the physician to detect cancer, cytomegalovirus, & other viral and inflammatory diseases in the urinary system.

Fresh clean-catch specimen

this method of urine collection is used in urine cytology studies for accurate results

the Papanicolaou (PAP) method

A smear from the cells of the lining of the urinary tract is stained using this method and examined under the microscope for abnormal cells.

by adding an equal volume of 50% alcohol

in urine cytology studies, if delays of examining the specimen cant be avoided , how is the specimen preserved?

Urine Drug Testing

is performed using urine since many drugs are detected in the urine but not in the blood.

(1) illicit use of recreational drugs,

(2) use of anabolic steroids to enhance performance in sports, and

(3) unwarranted use of prescription drugs. It also monitors therapeutic drug use to minimize the symptoms associated with the withdrawal and also confirm drug overdose.

drug testing is performed to detect?

Urine Glucose and Ketone Testing

is performed to screen diabetes and determine the glucose level for patients who are already diabetics.

urine ketone level test

is used to determine if the patient is suffering from diabetic ketoacidosis.

Urine pregnancy testing

is used to confirm pregnancy which can be detected 8 to 10 days from conception.

urine pregnancy testing

this type of urine test uses the first morning urine specimen because it has the highest concentration of human gonadotropin (HCG).

other urine test

chemistry test performed in urine that usually need a pool-timed specimen

random

this type of urine specimen is collected at any time

first morning/8 hour urine specimen

this type of urine specimen is collected immediately upon waking up from an 8 hours of sleep

times

this type of urine specimen is collected at specific times or pooled throughout a specific time period

fasting, 1/2 hour, 1 hour, etc.

time for tolerance test (glucose) in urine specimens

2 hours after a meal

time for 2-hour postprandial in urine specimens

24 hour collection of urine

collection and pooling of all urine which is voided in how many hours

double voided urine specimen

a type of urine specimen that patients should wait for specific time (30 minutes) after emptying the bladder

regular voided

a urine collection method where the patient voids or urinates into a clean container

midstream

a urine collection method that the patient voids or urinated into the toilet first, interrupts the urination for a while, and then restarts into container with the last urine flow voided in the toilet.

midstream clean-catch

a urine collection method where special cleaning is performed on the genital area of the patient before collection

catheterized

a urine collection method where urine of patient is collected from a sterile catheter inserted through the urethra into the bladder

suprapubic aspiration

a urine collection method where the urine of patient is collected by inserting needle directly into the bladder and aspirating the urine by the use of a sterile syringe

pediatric

a urine collection method where urine is collected in a plastic bag and checked every 15 minutes until required volume is collected

amniotic fluid

is a clear and slightly yellowish liquid contained in the amniotic sac that is surrounding and cushioning the fetus during pregnancy.

transabdominal amniocentesis preferably 15 weeks after gestation

the amniotic fluid is collected by the physician using ?

Ultrasound Machine

in amniotic fluid extraction using transabdominal amniocentesis, the procedure is guided by what machine

10ml

ml/ volume of fluid that is aspirated from the amniotic sac thru the needle inserted in the mother's abdominal wall into the uterus.

amniotic fluid testing

The test is done to detect any genetic disorder, check any problem in fetal development and verify the gestational age.

CSF

refers the liquid that surrounds brain & spinal cord.

- collected using a lumbar puncture or spinal tap

CSF test

The testing is used to diagnose meningitis and other disorders such as brain abscess, CNS cancer and multiple sclerosis.

1st- chemistry and immunology test

2nd- microbiology studies

3rd- cell counts

3 special sterile tubes for CSF collection that should be kept in room temperature

Gastric Fluid/Gastric Analysis

is performed to check the contents of the stomach for abnormal substances and evaluate the production of acid by evaluating the gastric acid concentration.

basal gastric analysis

a tube is passed through the mouth and throat (oropharynx), or nose and throat (nasopharynx) into the stomach after the patient has done fasting for a specified period of time

The Nasopharyngeal (NP) secretions

this specimen is collected and cultured to determine the presence of bacteria that causes:

diphtheria,

meningitis,

pertussis (whooping cough), and

pneumonia.

gently inserting a dacron/sterile cotton-tipped flexible wire swab into the nasopharynx

in The Nasopharyngeal (NP) secretions, what is the collection process

saliva

is the fluid secreted by the glands inside the mouth is used to check the hormone levels and also determine alcohol and drug or substance abuse.

collection of this specimen is easy and non-invasive because testing kits are available and many are point-of-care test (POCT).

- needs to be frozen to ensure stability

semen

a thick yellowish-white fluid that contains sperm release during the male ejaculation.

seminalysis

Analysis is done to evaluate the fertility and assess the effectiveness of sterilization after a vasectomy procedure but it is also ordered for forensic or legal reasons such as criminal investigations involving sexual assault.

- The collected specimen is placed in sterile container, kept warm and protected from light.

serous fluid

fluid is found between the membrane that encloses that pleural, pericardial, & peritoneal cavities.

- main function is to allow the membranes to pass through each other with minimal friction

cell counts and smears

in serous fluid, edta tubes are used for what

chemistry test

in serous fluid, heparin or sodium fluoride tubes are used for what

biochemical test

in serous fluid, non-anticoagulant tubes are used for what

cultures

in serous fluid, heparinized tubes are used for what

sputum (mucous or phlegm)

these specimen are used to diagnose and/or monitor lower respiratory tract infections like tuberculosis.

- collection be done first thing in the morning since larger volume have accumulated overnight and at least 1 hour after meal to avoid gagging.

3-5 ml

volume of sputum that should be collected

sweat

is used to analyze the chloride content of patients under the age of 20 with symptoms of cystic fibrosis (exocrine gland disorder).

electrical stimulation in the forearm or thigh (iontoporesis)

is used to transport the pilocarpine (sweat-stimulating drug) into the skin.

sweat

specimen can also be used to determine illegal use of drug by placing patches on the skin for an extended period of time and which is further confirmed by subsequent drug testing.

pilocarpine

a sweat stimulating drug

Iontoporesis

electrical stimulation in the forearm or thigh

synovial fluid

(viscous fluid that lubricates movable joints) are tested to determine conditions such as arthritis, gout and other inflammatory conditions since increase in volume is attributed to inflammation.

for cell counts, ID of crystals, smear preparation

in synovial fluid collection, edta/heparin tubes are for?

culture and sensitivity

in synovial fluid collection , sterile tubes are for?

macroscopic appearance, chemistry, immunology tests and observing the clot formation

in synovial fluid collection, non-additive tubes are for?

Buccal (Cheek) Swabs

are used to obtain loose cells inside the cheek for purposes of DNA analysis.

bone marrow

is examined to identify blood diseases.

Sternum (breastbone) or illiac crest (hip bone)

in bone marrow fluid, where is the specimen collected in the body ?

1.0-1.5 ml

volume of bone marrow fluid to be aspirated

C-urea breath test C-UBT

Hydrogen breath test

2 types of breath testing

synthetic urea

After the collection of the baseline breath sample, the patient is asked to drink a special substance that has?

C-urea test

this test for breath sample checks for the presence of Helicobacter pylori which is a type of bacteria that damages the stomach lining

Mylar balloon

equipment used for C-urea

Hydrogen breath test,

in breath tests this test helps in the detection of carbohydrate digestion problems such as lactose (milk sugar) and fructose (fruit sugar)

Hydrogen breath test

can also detect bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine and is thought as the most accurate tolerance test.

Hydrogen breath test

In preparation for this test, the patient must not take antibiotics 2 weeks prior to the scheduled test.

Feces (Stool)

this specimen is collected to

(1) determine gastrointestinal disorder,

(2) analyze for presence of intestinal ova & parasites (O&P),

(3) cultured for the presence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses,

(4) check fat and urobilinogen content,

(5) test for presence of occult blood. They are collected in a clean and wide-mouth container that are sealed and sent to the laboratory after collection.

Hair

Aside from using this sample for trace & heavy metal analysis, it is also used to detect chronic drug abuse where the sample is the preferred specimen because not only is it easy to obtain, but it is also not easy to alter or tamper.

Throat swabs

collected to aid in streptococcal (strep) infection detection.

- A special kit contains a sterile polyester-tipped swab and a covered transport tube.

The tube contains transport medium.

tissue specimen

is usually collected using biopsy where the tissue sample is removed for examination.

genetic analysis

the tissue samples are not to be placed in formalin when it is used for this analysis