Period 1

Key Concept 1.1

Native populations in North America developed distinct societies by adapting to and transforming their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure.

Mayan, Incan, Aztec Empires

Highly organized societies with advanced trade, scientific calendars, and stable food supplies like corn and potatoes.

Native American Societies

Varied settlements, languages, and lifestyles across regions like the Southwest, Northwest, Great Plains, Midwest, and Northeast.

Iroquois Confederation

Political union of five tribes in the Mohawk Valley, known for their power and influence from the 16th century to the American Revolution.

Cahokia

Largest settlement in the Midwest known for earthen mounds and prosperity supported by hunting, fishing, and agriculture.

Key Concept 1.2

The Columbian Exchange and interactions among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans led to significant changes in social, cultural, and political aspects.

European Expansion

Technological advancements, religious conflicts, and expanding trade routes shaped European societies and interactions.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods, diseases, and cultures between Europe and the Americas, leading to demographic, economic, and social transformations.

Spanish Empire

Conquest of Aztecs and Incas, exploitation of resources, and implementation of systems like encomienda and asiento.

European-Native American Interactions

Divergent worldviews on religion, gender roles, land use, and power, influencing policies and alliances between groups.