11th Grade US History Review

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt due to the French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Geography/Economy of Colonies

North/Middle/South

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Virginia House of Burgesses

first legislative assembly in America

Merchantilism

Policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to gain wealth and power.

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

Pamphlet that encouraged the Colonists to fight the British

Locke and Montesquieu

Contributed significant ideas to the Englightenment

Declaration of Independence

The document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Constitutional Convention

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution

U.S. Constution

The Federal Convention convened in the State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on May 14, 1787, to revise the Articles of Confederation. Fixed the weak spots of the A.O.C. like weak government control (Lazziez-Faire) (More power to the federal gov.)

Bicameral Legislature

A law making body made of two houses (bi means 2). Example: Congress (our legislature) is made of two house - The House of Representatives and The Senate.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

NJ Plan

in favor of smaller states. didn't want central gov, unicameral equal representation. congress can regulate trade and tax

Great Compromise

A compromise between the Virgin Plan and New Jersey Plan

3/5ths Compromise

Says slaves count as 3/5ths as people

Legislative/Executive/Judicial

Branches of the government - Legislative = house of reps (%) and senate (2 reps)

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.

Anti-Federalists

Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states

Amendment Processes

It involves two steps: proposal and ratification, The first step is congressional action. And there has to be 2/3s of the members of both houses of Congress is required.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Ratification of the Constution

Article 7 and Elastic Clause

Bill of Rights

a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)

Unwritten Constution

England has this; laws understood by tradition

22nd Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution stating that no president can be elected to said office more than twice, and no person who inherits the presidency due to death can be elected more than once. This amendment had little, if any, awareness published about it, as people had little concern for it and weren't very involved.

Strict vs Loose Interpretation of the Constution

Hamilton vs Jefferson

Jefferson had a loose interpretation; did not say he could not purchase land, do what is necessary to help country(Necessary and Proper/Elastic Clause )

National Bank

A commercial bank chartered by the federal government proposed by Hamilton

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798 Act that criminalized speech that was derisive to the government. Later ruled unconstitutional, Andrew Jackson issued blanket pardon in 1801

Virginia Kentucky Resolution

Were important political statements in favor of states' rights written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1798. They were passed by the two states in opposition to the federal Alien and Sedition Acts.

Thomas Jefferson

Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia.

Marbury vs. Madison

Case in which the supreme court first asserted th power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Concurrent Powers

Powers of government exercised independently by both the federal and state governments, such as the power to tax.

Delegated Powers

Powers specifically given to the federal government by the US Constitution, for example, the authority to print money.

Reserved Powers

Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states belong to the states and the people

Federalism

A system of government in which a written constitution divides power between a central, or national, government and several regional governments

Elastic Clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.

George Washington's Farewell Address

Washington stated that the nation shouldn't by any means split up or divide (avoid political parties) and that they shouldn't get involved with foreign affairs should promote a neutral stance. Not to pick between Britain and France (even though that didn't happen)

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Compromise of 1850

(MF) by Daniel Webster, California wanted to join the Union, but if California was accepted the North would gain control of the Senate, and Southerners threatened to secede from the Union. This compromise set up California joining the Union as a free state, New Mexico and Utah use popular sovereignty to decide the question of slavery, slave trading is banned in the nation's capital, The Fugitive Slave Law is passed, and the border between Texas and New Mexico was set.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced England's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

John Brown at Harper's Ferry

Raided federal arsenal intending to arm Maryland slaves and support slave insurrections across the south. caught, own son was shot, accused of treason and hanged-became a martyr

Abolitionist Movement

Movement in the 18th and 19th centuries that sought to make slavery illegal in the U.S. and the British West Indies.

Dred Scott Case

1857 Supreme court case that developed the fact that slaves were property not persons entitled to constitutional rights. It was the second Supreme Court decision to declare a law unconstitutional- Missouri Compromise

Differences between North and South pre Civil War

Economical differences: NORTH:in the north there where more factories that created weapons,tents,uniforms,preserved foods.SOUTH: agricultural and grew cash crops.few factories, used slaves, had ports for shipping goods

Lincoln's Election

1860, LIncoln opposed slavery once elected, states began to sucede from the union because they view him as a threat to their society and culture, the states that left then called themselves the Confederacy and elected themselves a President named Jefferson Davis

Secession

Formal separation from an alliance or federation

Total War

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.

General Grant

The lead general of the Union Army. He was brave and bold. His daring attacks and recklessness lost him many men.

General Lee

Commander of Confederate Army. Great leader, Lincoln wanted him as the leader of the Union Army

Sherman's March

(1864-1865) Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive March through Georgia. An early instance of "Total war", purposely targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish moral and undercut the confederate war effort.

Bull Run

1st real battle, Confederate victory, Washingtonian spectators gather to watch battle, Gen. Jackson stands as Stonewall and turns tide of battle in favor of Confederates, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side

Antietam

A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost

Gettysburg

July 1-3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Reconstruction

The period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Lincoln's Plan

When 10% of voters in southern states pledged allegiance to U.S. it would become part of union

Johnson's Plan

Majority of white men to swear loyalty. must ratify the 13th Amendment Former confs can vote and hold office

Radical Republican's Plan

South be divided into 5 military districts governed by martial law, harshest plan. Demanded guarantees of African American equality; supported taking land away from plantation owners to give to newly freed

13th Amendment

Abolished Slavery

14th Amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts

15th Amendment

Amendment that extended suffrage to all races

Andrew Johnson

Bad at being president because the decisions he made hurt him and got him impeached

Impeachment

A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Plessy vs Ferguson

a case that was brought to supreme court by black lawsuits to challenge the legality of segregation. The court ruled that segregation was legal as long as it was "equal"

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Poll Tax

A tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote

Literacy Test

A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Compromise of 1877

-Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river; as long as Hayes became the president

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Northwest Ordinance

1787 prohibited slavery in the Ohio River territory

Oregon Territory

Area in the Northwest occupied by both Britain and America because of their "joint occupation" agreement from 1818

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

Mexican Cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Andrew Jackson

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Trust

A group of corporations run by a single board of directors

Pools

Defensive alliances for profits

Industrialists

person whose wealth comes from the ownership of industrial businesses and who favors government policies that support industry

Robber Barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Captains of Industry

Owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power

Railroads

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west

Suffrage

Right to vote

Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Co. when he bought out many competitors.