GENBIO (Q4) (COPY)

Testes

Ovoid structures about 5 cm long and 3 cm wide

7th or 8th month

The descent of the testes occurs

Scrotum

Where the testes is located, Sac of skin that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity

Cryptorchidism

is the most common genital problem encountered in pediatrics, It is the failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac

Inguinal Hernia

If an inguinal canal enlarges or ruptures which a loop of intestine can protrude

Spermatogonium

Immature sperm cells, develop in the embryonic testes from primordial germ cells that arise from the yolk sac, from sperm stem cells

Orchiopexy

is a surgery to move and/or permanently fix a testicle into the scrotum

Scrotum

Sac of skin that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis

3*C

Its external positioning keeps the testes lower than ?? core body temperature

Wall of the Scrotum

Dartos muscle and the Cremaster Muscle

Dartos muscle

In the dermis, there is a thin layer of smooth muscle that has contractions of this muscle causes wrinkling of the skin

Cremaster muscle

is a thicker layer of muscle that lowers and raises the testes based on temperature

Scrotal Septum

middle line, divides the scrotum into two sacs

Tunica vaginalis

Each testes is enclosed by this, a continuation of the peritoneum that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

Tunica albuginea

A fibrous capsule covers each testis

Testicle

One of two egg-shaped glands inside the scrotum that produce sperm and male hormones

Spermatic Cord

Contains the structures running from the testicles to the pelvic cavity

Vas Deferens, Nerves, Blood Vessels

Contents of Spermatic Cord

Epididymis

where the sperm is stored and to transport sperm from the rete testes to the vas deferens

Seminiferous tubules

Each lobule contains 3 or 4 highly coiled

Seminal Vesicles

Lie on the posterior wall of the bladder and secrete 60% of the volume of semen

Seminal fluid

fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm

Fructose and Fibrinogen

Two types of seminal fluids

Fructose

provides energy for the sperm

Fibrinogen

helps turn semen into a bolus that can be readily propelled into the vagina

Prostate Gland

Doughnut-shaped gland that encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder, Plays a role in the activation of sperm, Enters the prostatic urethra during ejaculation

Citrate and Proteolytic enzymes

Prostatic Secretion includes

Citrate

is a food source

Proteolytic enzymes

acts to "decoagulate" the semen that was coagulated by seminal vesicle secretions, which helps the sperm begin their journey once inside the vagina

Bulbourethral glands

also known as cowpers glands

Bulbourethral glands

Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate

Alkaline mucus

Bulbourethral glands produces

Penis

body is found externally, conveys urine and semen

Corpus Cavernosum and Corpus Spongiosum

two tissue types of erectile tissue surrounded by connective tissue

Corpus Cavernosum

large spaces

Corpus Spongiosum

smaller spaces

Prepuce or Foreskin

Glans penis covered with a loose fold of skin

Pelvis

root of the penis is attached

Prostatic Urethra

runs through the prostate, connects to ducts from the prostate and to the ejaculatory duct

Membranous urethra

between prostate and penis

Spongy urethra

through the erectile tissue of the penis

Epididymis

Storage and maturation area for sperm

Seminiferous tubules

produces sperm

Head

contains DNA & the nucleus with highly condensed chromosomes (one chromatid) and has a helmet like acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate and enter the egg

Midpiece

contains mitochondria spiraled around the tail filaments

Tail

a typical flagellum produced by a centriole

Acrosome

containing hydrolytic enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate and enter the egg

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

Germ layers

Mesoderm

the germ layers that reproduce

High glycemic index

Glucoses index

Low glycemic index

Fructoses index

23

chromosomes in sperm

Ovaries

are solid, ovoid structures, about 2 cm in length and 1 cm in width

Uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

Accessory organs of the female reproductive system

Uterine tubes

Receive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilization

Isthmus

Empty into the superolateral region of the uterus

Ampulla

Expand distally around the ovary forming

Fimbriae

The ampulla ends in the funnel-shaped, ciliated infundibulum containing fingerlike projections

Uterus

Hollow, thick-walled organ located in the pelvis anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the bladder

Body

Major portion of the uterus

Fundus

Rounded region superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes

Isthmus

Narrowed region between the body and cervix

Endometrium

the most active layer and responds to cyclic ovarian hormone changes

Stratum functionalis

Shed during menstruation

Stratum basalis

Replaces stratum functionalis each month

Myometrium

3 layers of smooth muscle

Perimetrium

Visceral peritoneum

Cervix

Narrow lower neck of the uterus which projects into the vagina inferiorly

Cervical canal

cavity of the cervix that communicates with the vagina and the uterine

Cervical glands

secrete mucus that covers the external os and blocks sperm entry except during midcycle

Vagina

Thin-walled tube lying between the bladder and the rectum, extending from the cervix to the exterior of the body

Hymen

mucosa near the vaginal orifice forms an incomplete partition

Vulva

is the collective name for the external female genitalia located in the pubic region of the body

Mons pubis

fatty pad over the pubic symphysis

Labia majora & minora

folds of skin encircling vestibule where find urethral and vaginal openings

Clitoris

small mass of erectile tissue

Bulb of vestibule

masses of erectile tissue just deep to the labia on either side of the vaginal orifice or urethral orifice

Perineum

Area between the vagina and anus

Bartholin's glands

are located on each side of the vaginal opening, They secrete fluid that helps lubricate the vagina

Vestibular glands

also known as bartholin's glands

Bartholin's cyst

Fluid backs up into the gland and causes swelling

Oogonia

an immature female reproductive cell that gives rise to primary oocytes by mitosis

Myometrium

the muscular outer layer of the uterus., it contracts during labor to push the baby out

7 mil eggs

How many eggs does a woman have

1 mil eggs

How many eggs that is born

300k eggs

How many eggs that will reduce by the time a woman reaches puberty

300 to 500 eggs

How many eggs that can be fertilized

Menstrual Phase

The uterus sheds its inner lining of soft tissue and blood vessels which exits the body from the vagina in the form of menstrual fluid

Day 1 to 5

The days of the menstrual phase

10 ml to 80 ml

How much blood loss is considered normal in menstrual cycle

Abdominal cramps

caused by the contraction of the uterine and the abdominal muscles to expel the menstrual fluid

Follicular Phase

it starts with your estrogen hormone telling the lining of your uterus to thicken and develop to prepare for a fertilized egg

Day 1 to 13

The days of the follicular phase

Pituitary gland

secretes a hormone that stimulates the egg cells in the ovaries to grow

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

stimulates your ovarian follicles to grow

Follicle

One of these egg cells begins to mature in a sac like structure

13 days

It takes this duration of time for the egg cell to reach maturity

Endometrium

its follicle secretes a hormone that stimulates the uterus to develop a lining of blood vessels and soft tissue

Ovulation phase

This surge in estrogen triggers a spike in a third hormone

Day 14

The days of the ovulation phase