GENBIO (Q4) (COPY)

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Male Reproductive System

Testes - Ovoid structures about 5 cm long and 3 cm wide.
7th or 8th month - The descent of the testes occurs
Scrotum - Where the testes is located, Sac of skin that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity
Cryptorchidism - is the most common genital problem encountered in pediatrics, It is the failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac.
Inguinal Hernia - If an inguinal canal enlarges or ruptures which a loop of intestine can protrude

Spermatogonium - Immature sperm cells, develop in the embryonic testes from primordial germ cells that arise from the yolk sac, from sperm stem cells
Orchiopexy - is a surgery to move and/or permanently fix a testicle into the scrotum

Scrotum - Sac of skin that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis
3*C - Its external positioning keeps the testes ___ lower than core body temperature
Wall of the Scrotum - Dartos muscle and the Cremaster Muscle
Dartos muscle - In the dermis, there is a thin layer of smooth muscle that has contractions of this muscle causes wrinkling of the skin
Cremaster muscle - is a thicker layer of muscle that lowers and raises the testes based on temperature.
Scrotal Septum - middle line, divides the scrotum into two sacs \n
Tunica vaginalis - Each testes is enclosed by this, a continuation of the peritoneum that lines the abdominopelvic cavity.
Tunica albuginea - A fibrous capsule covers each testis
Testicle - One of two egg-shaped glands inside the scrotum that produce sperm and male hormones

Spermatic Cord - Contains the structures running from the testicles to the pelvic cavity.
Vas Deferens, Nerves, Blood Vessels - Contents of Spermatic Cord

Epididymis - where the sperm is stored and to transport sperm from the rete testes to the vas deferens
Seminiferous tubules - Each lobule contains 3 or 4 highly coiled

Seminal Vesicles - Lie on the posterior wall of the bladder and secrete 60% of the volume of semen
60% - secrete ?? of the volume of semen
Seminal fluid - fluid from the prostate and other sex glands that helps transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm
Fructose and Fibrinogen - Two types of seminal fluids
Fructose - provides energy for the sperm.
Fibrinogen - helps turn semen into a bolus that can be readily propelled into the vagina.

Prostate Gland - Doughnut-shaped gland that encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder, Plays a role in the activation of sperm, Enters the prostatic urethra during ejaculation
Citrate and Proteolytic enzymes - Prostatic Secretion includes..
Citrate - is a food source
Proteolytic enzymes - acts to "decoagulate" the semen that was coagulated by seminal vesicle secretions, which helps the sperm begin their journey once inside the vagina
Bulbourethral glands - also known as cowper’s glands
Bulbourethral glands - Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate
Alkaline mucus - Bulbourethral glands produces ??? prior to ejaculation that neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra

Penis - body is found externally, conveys urine and semen
Corpus Cavernosum and Corpus Spongiosum - two tissue types of erectile tissue surrounded by connective tissue
Corpus Cavernosum - large spaces
Corpus Spongiosum - smaller spaces
Prepuce or Foreskin - Glans penis covered with a loose fold of skin
Pelvis - root of the penis is attached

Prostatic Urethra - runs through the prostate, connects to ducts from the prostate and to the ejaculatory duct
Membranous urethra - between prostate and penis
Spongy urethra - through the erectile tissue of the penis
Urethra is a passageway for both urine and male reproductive fluids.

Epididymis - Storage and maturation area for sperm

Seminiferous tubules - produces sperm
Head - contains DNA & the nucleus with ___ highly condensed chromosomes (one chromatid) and has a helmet like acrosome containing hydrolytic enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate and enter the egg
Midpiece - contains mitochondria spiraled around the tail filaments
Tail - a typical flagellum produced by a centriole
Acrosome - containing hydrolytic enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate and enter the egg

Testis > Epididymis > Vas Deferens > Ejaculatory duct > Prostate Gland > Prostatic urethra > Bulbourethral gland > Membranous urethra > penile urethra
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm - Germ layers
Mesoderm - the germ layers that reproduce
High glycemic index - Glucose’s index
Low glycemic index - Fructose’s index
23 - chromosomes in sperm

Female Reproductive System

Ovaries - are solid, ovoid structures, about 2 cm in length and 1 cm in width.
Uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina - Accessory organs

Uterine tubes - Receive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilization
Isthmus - Empty into the superolateral region of the uterus
Ampulla - Expand distally around the ovary forming ??
Fimbriae - The ampulla ends in the funnel-shaped, ciliated infundibulum containing fingerlike projections

Uterus - Hollow, thick-walled organ located in the pelvis anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the bladder
Body - Major portion of the uterus
Fundus - Rounded region superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes
Isthmus - Narrowed region between the body and cervix
Endometrium - the most active layer and responds to cyclic ovarian hormone changes
Stratum functionalis - Shed during menstruation
Stratum basalis - Replaces stratum functionalis each month
Myometrium - 3 layers of smooth muscle
Perimetrium - Visceral peritoneum

Cervix - Narrow lower neck of the uterus which projects into the vagina inferiorly
Cervical canal - cavity of the cervix that communicates with the vagina and the uterine
Cervical glands - secrete mucus that covers the external os and blocks sperm entry except during midcycle

Vagina - Thin-walled tube lying between the bladder and the rectum, extending from the cervix to the exterior of the body
Hymen - mucosa near the vaginal orifice forms an incomplete partition

Vulva - is the collective name for the external female genitalia located in the pubic region of the body.
Mons pubis - fatty pad over the pubic symphysis
Labia majora & minora - folds of skin encircling vestibule where find urethral and vaginal openings
Clitoris - small mass of erectile tissue
Bulb of vestibule - masses of erectile tissue just deep to the labia on either side of the vaginal orifice or urethral orifice.
Perineum - Area between the vagina and anus

Bartholin's glands - are located on each side of the vaginal opening, They secrete fluid that helps lubricate the vagina
Vestibular glands - also known as bartholin's glands
Bartholin's cyst - Fluid backs up into the gland and causes swelling

Oogonia - an immature female reproductive cell that gives rise to primary oocytes by mitosis.
Myometrium - the muscular outer layer of the uterus., it contracts during labor to push the baby out.
7 mil eggs - How many eggs does a woman have
1 mil eggs - How many eggs that is born
300k eggs - How many eggs that will reduce by the time a woman reaches puberty
300 to 500 eggs - How many eggs that can be fertilized

Menstrual Cycle

Menstrual Phase - The uterus sheds its inner lining of soft tissue and blood vessels which exits the body from the vagina in the form of menstrual fluid.
Day 1 to 5 - The days of the menstrual phase
10 ml to 80 ml - How much blood loss is considered normal in menstrual cycle
Abdominal cramps - caused by the contraction of the uterine and the abdominal muscles to expel the menstrual fluid

Follicular Phase - it starts with your estrogen hormone telling the lining of your uterus to thicken and develop to prepare for a fertilized egg.
Day 1 to 13 - The days of the follicular phase
Pituitary gland - secretes a hormone that stimulates the egg cells in the ovaries to grow.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone - stimulates your ovarian follicles to grow
Follicle - One of these egg cells begins to mature in a sac like structure
13 days - It takes this duration of time for the egg cell to reach maturity.
Endometrium - its follicle secretes a hormone that stimulates the uterus to develop a lining of blood vessels and soft tissue

Ovulation phase - This surge in estrogen triggers a spike in a third hormone
Day 14 - The days of the ovulation phase
Luteinizing hormone - is what makes a follicle rupture and release an egg
Fimbriae - are finger like projections located at the end of the fallopian tube close to the ovaries

Luteal phase - During ovulation, the egg bursts from its follicle
Day 15 to 28 - The days of the luteal phase
Corpus luteum - the follicle transforms into a structure
Estrogen & Progesterone - Two types of steroid hormone
Menstruation - The drop in progesterone levels causes the lining of the uterus to fall away

Plant Reproduction

Flowers - Reproductive structure in flowering plants; made up of four major whorls
Angiosperms - plants that produce flowers and bear their seeds in fruits. They are the largest and most diverse group within the kingdom Plantae
Monocots - have one seed leaf (cotyledon)
Dicots - have 2 seed leaves (cotyledons)
Sepals - Whorl of sterile leaflike structures. Protect other flower parts.
Petals - Whorl of sterile flower parts. Attract pollinators.
Stamens - Male reproductive flower structure. produces pollen
Anther - pollen producing sac.
Filament - stalk of the stamen
Carpel - Female reproductive flower structure Produce embryo sac (eggs).
Stigma – receives the pollen.
Style – stalk of Carpel
Ovary – contains the ovules.
Ovule - A rudimentary seed before fertilization.

Complete Flowers - have all four whorls.
Incomplete Flowers – less than all four whorls.
Perfect Flowers - have stamens and carpels. Bisexual
Imperfect Flowers - have stamens or carpels Unisexual

Pollination - The transfer of pollen from a stamen to the stigma.
Monoecious plant - A plant having perfect flowers or both staminate and carpellate flowers on the same individual
Dioecious plant - A plant having only either the staminate or carpellate flower
Microsporangia - male sporangia
Megasporangia - female sporangia

Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction - one organism produces one or more new organisms that are identical to itself and that live independently of it, One parent is involved
Cell division and asexual reproduction are the same thing in all single-celled organisms
Binary fission - process by which parent cell splits producing two independent daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell
Budding - process in which an organism develops tiny buds on its body.
Budding - it forms a complete or nearly complete new organism that is genetically identical to the parent
Yeast and hydras - reproduced by budding
Vegetative Propagation - results in a new plant that is genetically identical to the parent plant (a clone).
Regeneration - process by which body of parent breaks and produces offspring
Salamanders - in the larval stage, it can regenerate a limb in thirty to forty days
Lizards - it has the ability to replace lost limbs or a lost tail. This is important because when a predator such as a hawk captures the tail, it can escape. The new tail lacks the backbone of the original tail.
Sporulation - Spore formation
Spores - are produced and each spore develops into offspring which are identical to parent
Rhizopus - Black bread mold
Sexual Reproduction - a type of reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells combine to form offspring with genetic material from each parent, two parents involved
Genetic Diversity - the range of different inherited traits within a species
Internally - The egg is fertilized by sperm inside the female
Externally - The egg is fertilized by sperm outside the female, The female lays the eggs and then the male fertilizes them