WGU - C458 - Health, Wellness and Fitness

Amphetamines

Uppers, stimulants. Legitimate and useful medical applications, but often abused. Example Ritalin for ADHD. Adderall for obesity, ADHD and narcolepsy.

Ecstasy

MDMA. Club drug often used at all night dance parties (raves). Stimulant that increases heart rate and blood pressure and can lead to heart or kidney failure; regular use produces long-lasting, perhaps permanent, damage to your brains ability to think and store memories.

Hallucinogens

Substances that occur naturally or produce synthetically that distort user's perception of reality; cause sensory illusions that make it difficult to distinguish fact from fantasy. Example: LSD, peyote, PCP.

Barbiturates

Historically represented one of nations biggest drug abuse problems. Generally known as downers, often taken as a way of escaping problems of daily living. Effects range from person feeling drowsy, uninhibited, and intoxicated to intoxication and staggering as if drunk, slurred speech, confused.

Nicotine

Found in tobacco. Potent parasympathetic alkaloid, stimulant drug, addictive. Associated with cardiovascular disease, potential birth defects, and poisoning. Associated with cancer.

Suppositories

Drug delivery system inserted into rectum, vagina, or urethra where it dissolves or melts and is absorbed into the bloodstream.

Diuretics

Promotes production of urine. Used for high blood pressure. Often used by bulimics for weight loss.

Intravenous injection

A route of drug administration directly into the bloodstream through a vein. Yield sstrongest and most rapid effact but is most dangerous due to risk of infection, vein collapse, or overdose.

Intramuscular injection

A route of drug administration; injected into the muscle.

Drug abuse

Generally refers to chronic, excessive use of a drug. May also refer to a person's intent.

Drug inhibition (receptor site)

THC

Active ingredient in marijuana. Connects to nerve cell sites and brain called cannabinoid receptors and influences the activity of those cells. Influences pleasure, memory, thought, concentration, sensory and time perception, and coordinated movement. Increases risk of heart attack. Increases risk of cancer. Can lead to depression anxiety and personality disturbances. Causes birth defects. Can be used for medical purposes: glaucoma, Chemotherapy cause to nausea and vomiting, appetite stimulant, antiasthmatic, seizures, muscle relaxant action.

Receptor sites (of a drug)

Target cells for drugs.

OTC drugs

Over-the-counter drugs; such as, cough medicine, pain medication, allergy medication that don't require prescriptions.

Tolerance

Some drugs are used frequently, large doses are required to maintain the same effect

Anabolic steroids

Synthetic variant of the male sex hormone testosterone

Opioids

Substances that act on the nervous system, medications that are artificially made, reduce the intensity of pain signals reaching the brain and affect those brain areas controlling emotion which diminishes the effects of a painful stimulus; Morphine, tramadol, oxycodone, methadone

Endorphins

Endogenous opioid neuropeptides. Produced by central nervous system and pituitary gland. Released during exercise, interact with the receptors in your brain to reduce perception of pain, trigger positive body feeling, similar to morphine

GRASE list (FDA)

Generally recognized as safe by the FDA for use in food and drugs

Epinephrine

Sometimes called adrenaline; secreted by the adrenal medulla; stimulation of the meulla by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system causes release of hormones, especially epinephrine, into the blood to initiate short-term fight or flight response to stress

Synergism

Combined action of drugs is greater than the sum of the effects of anyone drug taking a loan. For example, some drugs potentiate or increase the effects of another drug.

Prostaglandin inhibitors

NSAIDs. Medications that act on prostaglandins, compounds that regulate muscle contractions.

Benzodiazepines

Class of psychoactive drug; court chemical structure is fusion of benzene ring and a diazepine ring. Examples: diazepam (Valium), alpazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (klonopin), Lorazepam (Ativan), MIdazolam

Narcotics

Any of a group of drugs such as heroin and morphine that produce numbness and stupor. Commonly used to relieve pain; may cause addiction.

Polydrug use

Refers to the use of two or more psychoactive drugs in combination to achieve a particular effect.

Antagonism

Inhibition of or interference with the action of one substance organism by another

Analgesics

pain killer; member of the group of drugs used to achieve relief from pain. acts various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems

Antibiotics

Type of antimicrobial used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infection; may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Route of administration

The path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substances taken into the body. Classified by location at which the substances applied, oral an intravenous.

Cross tolerance

Phenomenon that occurs when someone who is tolerant to the effects of a certain drugs also develop a tolerance to another drug.

LDL

Low density lipoprotein's. Bad cholesterol. Put your heart at risk. Collects on the walls of blood vessels working cause blockages.

HDL

High density lipoprotein's. Well behaved good cholesterol removes harmful cholesterol. Reduces the risk for heart disease

Carbohydrate

Biological molecule consisting of carbon hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Consist of simple sugars and starches. Provides energy for working muscles, fuel for central nervous system, enables fat metabolism, prevents protein from being used as energy.

Protein

Large biomolecules or macromolecules consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Does most of the work in cells required for the structure function and regulation of the bodies tissues and organs.consist of eight essential and 12 nonessential amino acids.

Lipids

Store energy, signal and act as structural components of cell membranes. Molecules that contain hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks of the structure and function of living cells; a group of naturally occurring molecules that includes fats, waxes sterols and fat soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, K) monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids.

Triglycerides

Main constituents of natural fats and oils. High concentrations in the blood indicate elevated risk of stroke. 9 calories per gram - most concentrated source of energy in diet.

Water-soluble vitamins

Can dissolve in water. Carried to the body's tissues but not stored in the body. Found in plant and animal foods or dietary supplements and must be taken daily. Vitamin C and B.

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins that are soluble in fats or lipids, usually absorbed in fat globules that travel through the lymphatic system of small intestine and into general blood circulation within body. Stored in body tissues. Vitamins a and E.

RDA of sodium

Recommended dietary allowance for sodium is average intake level of what you should be getting from your diet daily. No more than 2300 mg daily or 1500 if you're older than 51 or black or have high blood pressure, diabetes or chronic kidney disease

Amino acids

Create protein molecules. Eight essential provided by diet, 12 nonessential synthesized by body. All 20 required for proper nutrition

Basal metabolism

Minimum amount of energy required by body to maintain essential body functions (temperature, muscle tone, respiration)

Cholesterol

A compound of the sterol type found in most body tissues, including blood and nerves. Important constituent of cell membranes. High concentrations in blood promote atherosclerosis

Glycogen

Polysaccharide that is principal storage form of glucose in cells

Incomplete proteins

Low or lacking in one or more of the amino acid needed to build cells. Found in plant foods and can be mixed together to make a complete protein

HDL LDL recommended levels

HDL should be above 40 for men and above 50 women; above 60 is excellent. LDL should be less than 130.

Trans fats

A type of unsaturated fat. Created in an industrial process that adds hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid. Commonly found in processed food and labeled as partially hydrogenated oil.

Saturated fats

Saturated with hydrogen atoms. The more saturated it is the more solid it is at room temperature.

Unsaturated fats

Missing hydrogen atoms. Less solid at room temp. Omega-3 and omega-6

Polysaccharide

Long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Three important types (starch glycogen and cellulose) are composed of glucose.

Recommended daily protein intake

approximately 60 gm daily. 10 to 12% of child's caloric intake it. 4 cal per gram of energy.

Antioxidants

Reduce cellular damage by binding free radicals during oxidation.

BMI

A measure of body fat based on height and weight.

Fiber sources

Beans, whole grains, brown rice, popcorn, nuts, baked potato with skin, berries, bran cereal, oatmeal, vegetables.

Self-esteem

Reflects a persons overall subjective emotional evaluation of his or her own worth. It is a judgment of oneself as well as an attitude towards the self

Generalized anxiety disorder

Severe ongoing anxiety that interferes with daily activities

Adaptive response

A natural emotion that occurs in response to danger and prepares an organism to cope with the environment playing a critical role in its survival.

General adaptation syndrome

The bodies short term and long term reactions to stress

Activities of daily living (ADLs)

Routine activities that people tend to do every day without meeting the systems: eating bathing dressing toileting transferring (walking) and continence

Fight or flight response

A physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival

Cortisol

The stress hormone. Influences, regulates or modulates many of the changes that occur in the body in response to stress. Essential to the maintenance of homeostasis

Emotional health

Being in control of emotions and behavior. Being happy self-confident self-aware and resilient. Handle life's in evitable challenges, build strong relationships, and lead productive, fulfilling lives.

Parasympathetic nervous system

Branch of autonomic nervous system responsible for slowing system stimulated by the stress response (relaxation)

Self efficacy

The extent or strength of one's belief in one's own ability to complete tasks and reach goals

Anorexia

An eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low bodyweight, intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of body weight

Bulimia

A serious eating disorder marked by binging, followed by methods to avoid weight gain, such as purging

Synesthesia

neurological phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway

PTSD

A mental health condition triggered by experiencing or seeing a terrifying event such as war assault or disaster.

Eustress

Meaning good or beneficial stress. Either psychological, physical or biochemical/radiological.

Kubler Ross model

A series of emotional stages experienced by survivors of an intimate death. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.

Target heart rate

The minimum number of heartbeats in a given amount of time in order to reach the level of exertion necessary for cardiovascular fitness. Specific to age, gender or physical fitness.

Overload principle

Refers to the amount of load or resistance, providing a greater stress, or load, on the body than it is normally accustomed to in order to increase fitness. Stress is your muscles be all ready used to.

Isometric exercise

Type of strength training in which the joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction

Isotonic exercise

Muscular contractions occur without movement of the involved parts of the body

Hypertrophy

Enlargement of muscle size

Overtraining syndrome

The results are hormonal, nutritional, mental/emotional, muscular, neurological and other imbalances

Cardiorespiratory endurance

CRE, also known as aerobic fitness, and balls performing exercise at moderate level of intensity for extended period. Improves bodies consumption of oxygen

Tension principle

Maintain slow, continuous tension on muscles to maximize red fiber involvement. Flex the targeted muscles antagonist muscle throughout the set.

Specificity of training principal

What you doing the gym should be relevant and appropriate to your desired outcome. Training must go from general at the beginning to specific does the program progresses.

Concentric muscle contraction

One type of iso tonic contraction; occurs when the muscle shortens.

Eccentric muscle contraction

One type of isotonic contractions; occurs when the muscle lengthens.

Static stretch

Used to stretch muscles when the body is at rest; composed of various techniques that gradually length of the muscle to elongated position and hold a position for 30 seconds to two minutes.

One repetition maximum

The maximum amount of force that can be generated in one maximal contraction.

Target heart rate ranges

Defined as the minimum number of heartbeats of a given amount of time in order to reach the level of exertion necessary for cardiovascular fitness; specific to a persons age gender or physical fitness.

FITT principal for cardiovascular fitness

Frequency. Intensity. Time. Type. The ability of the body to work continuously for extended periods of time.

Muscular endurance

The ability to move your body or an abject repeatedly without getting tired.

Overuse injury

Any type of muscle or joint injury that's caused by repetitive trauma

Diabetes type 1

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, usually caused by lack of insulin secretion.

Diabetes type 2

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, considered a metabolic disease and that beta cells of pancreas secretes too little insulin and there are insufficient numbers of insulin receptors on target cells, defective receptors do not respond normally to insulin. Onset is gradual but may also be caused by obesity and sedentary lifestyles

Obesity

A disorder involving excess of body fat that increases the risk of health problems. Occurs when persons body mass index is 30 or greater. Main symptom is excess of body fat. Treatment is lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise. More than 3 million US cases per year.

Sympathetic nervous system

Part of autonomic nervous system. Part of nervous system that serves the Excelerator heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure, often termed the fight or flight response.

Melanoma

Occurs when pigment producing cells that give color to the skin become cancerous. Symptoms might include a new, unusual growth or a change in the existing mall. Can occur anywhere on the body. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation, medications or chemotherapy.

Atherosclerosis

Disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries.

Fecal occult blood test

Cancer screening test. Test for the presence of microscopic or invisible blood in the stool or feces. A positive test result indicates that abnormal bleeding is occurring somewhere and digestive track

Thrombus

A blood clot forms of bustle and remains there. Impedes blood flow.

Oncogenes

Jeans that have the potential to cause cancer. And tumor cells, they're often mutated are expressed at high levels. Most normal cells undergo our program form of rapid cell death when critical functions are altered.

Passive immunity

Short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.

Osteoporosis

Medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

Impetigo

Highly contagious skin infection that causes red sores on face. One of the most common skin infection among kids; usually producing blisters or sores on face, neck, hands and diaper area.

Reticular formation

Deife use network of nerve pathways in the brain stem connecting the spinal cord, cerebrum and cerebellum. Mediates overall level of consciousness.

Artificially acquired active immunity

Any immunization with an antigen. Induced by vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen. Artificial induction of immunity and vaccination.