exam 3 full

What are the two functional classifications of the nervous system based on consciousness?

-Somatic Nervous System (Consciously controlled)

-Autonomic Nervous System (Nonconsciously controlled)

What are the main characteristics of the somatic Nervous system ?

• Skeletal muscles

• Consciously controlled system

• Somatic sensory neurons: Stimuli induced (i.e., special senses)

• Somatic motor neurons: Voluntary initiation of skeletal muscle movement

What are the main characteristics of the Autonomic Nervous System ?

• Smooth and cardiac muscle

• Nonconscious controlled systems.

• Visceral Sensory: Sensory system that initiates response of ANS

• Autonomic motor: Involuntary initiation of smooth and cardiac muscles or glands

What is the function of the ANS ? (Autonomic System)

It is to maintain homeostasis

How much number of motor neurons do somatic motor units have ?

one

How much number of motor neurons do Autonomic motor units have ?

two

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System ?

-Sympathetic

-Parasympathetic

What are the functions of the Sympathetic Division ?

• Increases metabolic and alertness activities

• Regulates the state of overall elevated activity and attention (“flight or fight response)

• blood pressure and heart rate increase

What are the functions of the Parasympathetic Division ?

• Maintains homeostasis

• Conserves and replenishes energy

• “Rest and digest” division

Where do all sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate ?

Lateral Horn of the T1 – L2 spinal cord

What are the four pathways regulated by sympathetic neurons ?

• Spinal Nerve Pathway

• Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

• Splanchnic nerve pathway

• Adrenal medulla pathway

What are the two internal fluid cavities of the eye ?

• Anterior Cavity (Aqueous humor)

• Posterior Cavity (Vitreous humor)

What accessory structures of the eye protect foreign objects from entering the eye ?

• Eyebrows

• Eyelashes

• Eyelids

What accessory structure of the eye keep exposed surface of the eye moist ?

Lacrimal apparatus

Which accessory eye structure provides superficial covering of the anterior and posterior

exposed surface.

Conjuctiva

What are the three layers (tunics) of the eye ?

• Fibrous

• Vascular

• Retina

What are the three main divisions of the ear ?

• Inner ear

• Middle ear

• External Ear

What are the structures in the external ear ?

• Auricle

• External meatus acoustic

• Tympanic membrane

• What is the structure and function of the Auricle ?

• Most external portion

• skin-covered, cartilaginous funneled shape structure

that protects the inner workings of the ear and to direct sounds inwards

What is the structure and function of the acoustic meatus ?

• Hollow tube that moves sounds inwards.

What is the structure and function of the tympanic membrane ?

• Connected from external acoustic meatus

• vibrates transmitting sounds energy into the middle and inner ear.

• Aka Eardrum

What are the structures in the middle ear ?

• Tympanic cavity

• Auditory ossicles

• Auditory Tube

What is the structure and function of the Tympanic Cavity ?

• Houses the auditory ossicles

• maintains an opening to the outside through the nasopharynx called the

Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube)

What are the structure/function of the Auditory ossicles ?

• made up of three bones which vibrate to amplify the sound going into the inner ear (Malleus, Incus, Stapes)

• protected by two muscles the stapedius and tensor tympani which restrict the bones movement when

  loud sounds are detected

What are the structures in the inner ear ?

• Bony labyrinth

• Membranous lambyrinth

What is the bony labyrinth and its three compartments?

• Semicircular canals

• Vestibule

• Cochlea

What is the membranous labyrinth ?

• Resides inside the bony labyrinth

• membrane-lined tubes filled with fluid

• house the receptors for equilibrium and hearing.

What fluids are found in the bony labyrinth?

perilymph fluid

What fluids are found in the membranous labyrinth ?

endolymph and perilymph fluid.

What are the olfactory organs components?

• Mucous layer

• Olfactory Epithelium

• Lamina Propria

• Cribriform Plate

• Olfactory Bulb

What are the three specialized cells in the olfactory epithelium?

• Olfactory receptor cells

• Supporting cells

• Basal cells

What are the functions of the Olfactory Receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium?

• Detects odors

What are the functions of the supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium?

• Sandwich the olfactory receptors and sustain receptors

What are the functions of the basal cells in the olfactory epithelium?

• Continually replace Olfactory Receptor Cells

What is the purpose of the olfactory epithelium?

Lines the superior part of nasal cavity

What is the function of the lamina propria in the olfactory organs ?

• house the Olfactory glands that are responsible for producing the mucous as well as the blood supply and nerves

What is the structure of the Olfactory Receptor cells?

• Bipolar Neurons with one dendrite and an unmyelinated axon.

• Chemoreceptors that detect odors.

• Axons form bundles of the Olfactory Cranial Nerve (CN I)

What are the three type of cells that make up our taste buds ?

• Gustatory cells

• Supporting cells

• Basal cells

What are the functions of the Gustatory cells in Taste Buds ?

• detect tastants (taste-producing molecules and ions). Short lived

• Regenerated every 7 to 9 days.

• Starting at age 50 regeneration declines and our ability to

  distinguish taste decline.

What are the functions of supporting cells in taste buds ?

Sustain Gustatory cells

What are the functions of the Basal cells in taste buds ?

• Neural stem cells that continually replace Gustatory cells

what is the nervous system composed of?

conductive calls and supportive cells

What are the major components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

brain and spinal cord

what is the central nervous system?

the command and control center of the nervous system

what does the peripheral nervous system do

projects info to and receives info from the central nervous system

what are the anatomical components of the peripheral nervous system

cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia

what are the special characteristics of neurons

• high metabolic rate

• extreme longevity

• nonmitotic

• excitable

• conductivity

what is the blue blank pointing to on the neuron?

dendrites

what is the green blank pointing to on the neuron?

chromatophilic substance

what is the red blank pointing to on the neuron?

nucleus

what is the yellow blank pointing to on the neuron

cell body

what is the black blank pointing to on the neuron

axon hillock

what is the purple blank pointing to on the neuron

axon

which type of neuron is this: (polar)

unipolar

which type of neuron is this: (polar)

bipolar

which type of neuron is this: (polar)

multipolar

what is the red pointing to on the unipolar neuron

dendrites

what is the blue pointing to on the unipolar neuron

peripheral process

what is the green pointing to on the unipolar neuron

cell body

what is the black pointing to on the unipolar neuron

axon

what is the yellow pointing to on the unipolar neuron

short single process

what is the purple pointing to on the unipolar neuron

central process

what is the purple pointing to on the bipolar neuron

dentrite

what is the blue pointing to on the bipolar neuron

cell body

what is the yellow pointing to on the bipolar neuron

axon

what is the red pointing to on the multipolar neuron

cell body

what is the blue pointing to on the multipolar neuron

dendrites

what is the yellow pointing to on the multipolar neuron

dendrites

what is the green pointing to on the multipolar neuron

axon

how are neurons classified functionally

by the direction the nerve pulse travels relative to the CNS (central nervous system)

what neuron classification carries impulses from sensory receptors into central nervous system?

sensory (afferent)

what neuron classification carries impluses away from the central nervous system to muscles or glands?

motor (efferent)

what classification of neuron carries impluses within the central nervous system, typically multipolar neurons.

interneuron(associate)

what neuron classification makes up 99% of neurons found in the body

interneuron (associate)

what does neuroglia do

supports cells that are non-conductive

what type of neuroglia is large, has branching cells that form the blood brain barrier?x

astrocytes

which type of neuroglia has cells with few branches that form myelin

oligodendrocytes

which type of neuroglia has tiny cells with complex branches and are phagocytes

microglia

which type of neuroglia is ciliated and secretes the cerebrospinal fluid

ependymal cells

which type of neuroglia is myelin producing

neurolemmocyte

which type of neuroglia isolates and nourishes cell bodies in ganglion

satellite cells

what is the main role of the axon?

to send nerve pulses

what is a nerve impulse

the rapid movement of an electrical charge along the axon plasma membrane

electrons are electrically excitable (true/false)

true

what allows for the speeding up of the nerve impulse along the axon

myelination

how is oligodendrocyte different from neurolemmocyte is myelination process?

oligodendrocytes can myelin ate multiple axons white neurolemmocyte can only do one axon.

what is the movement of a nerve impulse from one node to another node

saltatory conduction

what is the process In unmyelinated axons the nerve impulse travels in one pass

continuous conduction

what is the most common synapses

axodendritic synapses

which synapses is the one where synaptic knobs of pre-synaptic neuron interaction with dendrites of post synaptic neuron

axodendritic synapse

which synapses is the one where synaptic knobs of pre-synaptic neuron interaction with cell body of post synaptic neuron

axosomatic synapse

which synapses is the one where synaptic knobs of pre-synaptic neuron interaction with synaptic knob of post synaptic neuron

axoaxonic synapse

what are the two distinct types of neural tissue which make up the brain an spinal cord

gray matter and white matter

which matter houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, terminal arborizations, and unmyelinated axons

gray matter

which matter Contains myelinated neurons, which

give the tissue its color

white matter

what is the outer layer in cranial meninges, closest to the skull?

dura mater

what is the middle layer in cranial meninges?

arachnoid mater

what is the inner layer in cranial meninges?

pia mater