Biol 204 Final Exam Review Topics

Anatomy

Biological form of an organism

Physiology

Biological function an organism performs

Surface Area Adaptations

Rate of exchange

Vertebrates → interstitial fluid (space between cells) for exchange of material

Circulatory fluid → blood

Interstitial Fluid

Space between cells for exchange of material in vertebrates

Circulatory Fluid

Blood

Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems

Animals' bodies consist of them

Epithelial Tissue

Forms active interfaces on external and internal surfaces

Connective Tissue

Binds and supports other tissues

Muscle Tissue

Contracts, moving body parts

Nervous Tissue

Transmits nerve impulses throughout the body

Homeostasis

Maintenance of internal environment regardless of external environment

Regulator

Internal mechanisms control body

Conformer

External factors control body

Discuss the five adaptations for temperature regulation

Insulation

Behavioral

Circulatory adaptations

Evaporative heat loss

Adjusting metabolic heat production

Nutrition

Process of acquiring and breaking apart food

Dietary Categories

Herbivores → plant/algae,

Carnivores → other animals,

Omnivores → both

Ingestion

The act of eating or feeding

Digestion

Food breakdown

Absorption

Uptake of nutrients by body cells

Elimination

Passage of undigested material out of body

Ingestion Strategies

Bulk feeding, Fluid feeding, Substrate feeding, Suspension feeding

Intracellular Digestion

Food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis; food vacuoles fuse with lysosomes

Extracellular Digestion

Breakdown of foods outside of cells (most animals)

Circulatory System Function

Connects the fluid that surrounds cells with the organs that exchange gases, absorb nutrients, and dispose of wastes

Closed Circulatory Systems

Circulatory fluid called blood is confined to vessels apart from interstitial fluid

Open Circulatory Systems

Circulatory fluid called hemolymph bathes the organs directly

Single Circulation

Non-tetrapod vertebrates, fish, have a two-chambered heart with single circulation where blood leaves heart and passes through two capillary beds before returning to heart, SLOW

Double Circulation

Tetrapods have a three or four-chambered heart with double circulation where blood only goes through one capillary bed before returning to heart, FAST

Arteries

Carry blood away from heart

Veins

Carry blood to the heart

Capillaries

Connect arteries to veins

Cardiac Cycle

The heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle

Systole

The contraction phase of the heart, during which blood is pumped out of the chambers into the arteries

Diastole

The relaxation phase of the heart, during which the chambers fill with blood

Respiratory Media

Air or water; air is easier to use for gas exchange

Countercurrent Gas Exchange

In fish gills where blood flows in the opposite direction of water passing over

Bird Ventilation

Unidirectional airflow with 2 inhale/exhale cycles

Mammal Ventilation

Negative pressure breathing with diaphragm expansion

Osmolarity

(solute concentration of a solution) determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Isosmotic

Equal osmolarity; water molecules will cross the membrane at equal rates in both directions

Hypoosmotic

Low osmolarity; water moves into cell

Hyperosmotic

High osmolarity; water moves out of cell

Osmoconformers

Isosmotic with their surroundings and do not regulate their osmolarity

Osmoregulators

Expend energy to control water uptake and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment

Energetics of Osmoregulation

Transport epithelia are epithelial cells specialized for moving solutes in specific directions, tubular networks to the outside

Ammonia

Toxic, requires little energy, but lots of water

Urea

Less toxic, requires little water, but lots of energy

Uric Acid

Non-toxic, requires very little-to-no water, but requires the most energy

Nephrons

Functional units of kidneys for urine production.

Filtration

Process of removing wastes from blood in kidneys.

Reabsorption

Process of reclaiming water and nutrients in kidneys.

Secretion

Process of adding substances to urine in kidneys.

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle allowing body movement.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in internal organs.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle responsible for heart contractions.

Coelom

Body cavity that increases organism's roundness.

Collagen

Protein providing strength and flexibility in tissues.

Reticular Fibers

Connective tissue fibers linking different tissues.

Elastic Fibers

Fibers that stretch and return to original length.

Herbivores

Animals that primarily consume plants and algae.

Carnivores

Animals that primarily consume other animals.

Omnivores

Animals that consume both plants and animals.

Suspension Feeding

Feeding on small particles suspended in water.

Isoosmotic Animals

Animals that match osmotic pressure with surroundings.

Kidney

Organ responsible for urine production in mammals.

Budding

Asexual reproduction via outgrowth from parent.

Fission

Asexual reproduction by dividing into identical offspring.

Fragmentation

Asexual reproduction where fragments develop into individuals.

Parthenogenesis

Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs.

Circulatory System

System connecting cells to organs for gas exchange.

Oviparous

Organisms laying eggs with external development.

Viviparous

Mammals with embryos developing inside the mother.

Optimal Foraging Model

Foraging strategy maximizing benefits at lowest cost.

Altruistic Behaviors

Traits favoring relatives' reproductive success at cost.

Kin Selection

Natural selection favoring alleles increasing indirect fitness.

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that:

urea is less toxic than ammonia

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by:

smooth muscle

All types of muscle tissue have:

interactions between actin and myosin filaments

You discover a new species of bacteria in the sample that grows in aquatic environments with high calcium carbonate (CaCO3) concentrations, commonly called "hard water". While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar to the CaCO3 concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal CaCO3 concentrations of the bacteria change as the CaCO3 concentration in their environment changes. What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal CaCO3 levels?

conformation

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because:

the shape is a convergent evolutionary adaptation, which reduces drag while swimming

The process of obtaining food is known as and requires specialized mouthparts.

ingestion

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

frogs

Atria contract:

during atrial systole

Ventricles are relaxed:

during ventricular diastole

Which of the following statements comparing respiration in fish and in mammals is correct?

The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional.

Which of the following nitrogenous wastes is the least toxic?

uric acid

The necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that:

loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure

In close comparisons, external fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal fertilization. However, internal fertilization typically offers the advantage that:

there is higher probability of offspring survival

In an animal that switches between sexual and asexual reproduction, when is sexual reproduction more likely to occur?

When conditions for survival are unfavorable.

If gastrulation was blocked by an environmental toxin, then:

embryonic germ layers would not form

Which of the following is required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?

An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed.

Every morning, you went into your kitchen to feed your new angelfish. After a few weeks, you noticed that the fish would swim to the top of the tank whenever you entered the kitchen. This behavior is an example of:

associative learning

What is the benefit of high genetic diversity within a population?

allows a species to better adapt to changing environmental conditions

What is one strategy to help the population of a species?

Captive reproduction programs

Which of these would NOT contribute to a global increase in​ temperature?

planting trees

Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the​ heart?

fish

Animals belonging to which dietary category have the larger stomachs?

carnivores

When you are dehydrated (i.e., you have less water in your blood), how is the osmolarity of your blood affected?

increases

Which of the following organisms is most challenged by drag when moving​ quickly?

shark

What is biodiversity and why is itimportant?

variety of life on earth