Anthropology 2

You belong to a patrilineal descent group that has a rule of lineage exogamy. Which of the following belong to the same lineage? Your

father's sister

Which of the following ethnographer's work supported the theory of "familiarity breed contempt" in understanding the universal incest taboo?

Talmon in Israeli kibbutz

When a Bedouin man marries his father's brother's daughter he is

practicing parallel-cousin marriage to protect resources

An exchange of valuables given from the groom's family to the bride's family is called

bridewealth (or bride price)

Which of the following kinship systems gives a DIFFERENT kin term to cross-cousins than the one used for parallel-cousins?

Iroquois

Which of the following people is your “parallel cousin?”

your mother's sister's daughter

The marriage ‘contract’ is between whom, from the perspective of an anthropologist?

all of the above (the new bride and groom, the involved adults and their dependent children
the kin group of the bride and the kin group of the groom)

Of the different classificatory kinship systems, which one involves the largest amount of "splitting" of kin terms?  (versus "lumping")

Sudanese

In traditional Chinese society, which kinds of terms did siblings use to refer to one another?

The terms identified siblings by gender and whether they were older or younger.

Serial monogamy

marriage to a succession of spouses one after the other

endogamy

Rules that require an individual to marry within a particular group (such as within ones ethnic or religious group)

affine

A person related to you through marriage

"ego"

The point of reference for understanding the kin relations described

Hawaiian Kinship

Called the “generational system,” because all relatives of the same sex and generation are referred to by the same term

dowry

A gift given by a bride s family to either the bride or to the grooms family at the time of the marriage

matrilineal

A form of descent in which a culture recognizes descent in a family lineage only on the mother's side, building the structure of a family based on membership to the group your mother belongs to

bilateral

American kinship structure

Polyandry

The marriage of more than one man to one woman

Claude Levi-Strauss says that the incest taboo is universal because

humans have learned to establish alliances with strangers and thereby share and develop culture

In Taiwan in the 1950s, anthropologist Margery Wolf described an unusual form of adoption, in which

mothers gave up their daughters as infants, only to take in an adopted daughter from someone else in order to cultivate them as daughters-in-law for their sons

The greatest genetic diversity is between

Blacks and other Blacks on the same continent

Brazilian tipos

Used to identify slight but noticeable differences in physical appearance

Although there is overlap, how does ethnicity (membership in an ethnic group) differ from race?

An ethnic group claims a distinct identity based on cultural characteristics and a shared heritage, while race defines groups based on arbitrary physical traits

Any efforts to classify human populations into racial categories should best be understood as

arbitrary and subjective

gender ideology

The set of ideas about the categories of gender, and the beliefs and meanings associated with each gender category

Skin color in humans is represented in geography by a cline, or clinal pattern. The skin color cline means that

a certain skin color may be more common in one region than another, but the variation is gradual and continuous

Which theory best explains why men usually work in mines?

compatibility with childcare theory

Vitamin D

important for healthy bone growth, helps produce sunlight

foraging societies

is most likely to recognize a woman’s economic and reproductive contributions, as well as be more egalitarian in terms of gender relations

hypodescent

socially constructed racial classification system in which a person of mixed racial heritage is automatically categorized as a member of the less (or least) privileged group

Two spirit person of the Zuni Pueblo

Third gender role that is not man and not woman

Reification

The process by which an inaccurate concept or idea is so heavily promoted and circulated by people that it becomes an unquestioned "truth" 

Chopsticks Work Only In Pairs (1999)

reflects the Lahu society s emphasis on the importance of the male-female dyad or partnership in domestic life, work, and leadership

“economy of effort” theory

Helps explain why men usually cut lumber, and therefore tend to make boats

The key to women’s power in hunter-gatherer communities

productive labor done by the woman, and her power to distribute outside of the family

Some of the ways that women navigate public spaces associated with males, such as in India, is to practice purdah, that is, to

adopt clothing, behavior, or special routes to create separation or segregation

One consequence of early anti-miscegenation laws during the period of slavery in the United States was that 

children of slave women and a Euro-American father inherited their mother s racial and slave status, adding to the slave "property" of the father

patrilineal descent

kinship group created through the paternal line (fathers and their children).

Matrilineal descent

a kinship group created through the maternal line (mothers and their children).

Matriarchal

a society in which women have authority to make decisions

Polygyny

marriages in which there is one husband and multiple wives.

Sororate marriage

The practice of a man marrying the sister of his deceased wife.

Unilineal

Descent is recognized through only one line or side of the family

Levirate

the practice of a woman marrying one of her deceased husband’s brothers.

Family of orientation

The family in which an individual is raised.

Family of procreation

a new household formed for the purpose of conceiving and raising children.

Endogamy

term describing expectations that individuals must marry within a particular group.

Exogamy

a term describing expectations that individuals must marry outside a particular group

Avunculocal

married individuals live with or near an uncle

Bilateral descent

descent is recognized through both the father and the mother’s sides of the family.

Bridewealth

payments made to the bride’s family by the groom’s family before marriage

Clan

group of people who have a general notion of common descent that is not attached to a specific biological ancestor

Descent groups

relationships that provide members with a sense of identity and social support based on ties of shared ancestry

Domestic group

a term that can be used to describe a group of people who live together even if members do not consider themselves to be family

Acculturation

loss of a minority group’s cultural distinctiveness in relation to the dominant culture

Amalgamation

interactions between members of distinct ethnic and cultural groups that reduce barriers between the groups over time

Assimilation

pressure placed on minority groups to adopt the customs and traditions of the dominant culture

Cline

differences in the traits that occur in populations across a geographical area. In a cline, a trait may be more common in one geographical area than another, but the variation is gradual and continuous, with no sharp breaks

Ethnicity

the degree to which a person identifies with and feels an attachment to a particular ethnic group

Multiculturalism

maintenance of multiple cultural traditions in a single society

Nonconcordant

genetic traits that are inherited independently rather than as a package

Pigmentocracy

a society characterized by strong correlation between a person’s skin color and his or her social class.

biological determinism

a theory that biological differences between males and females lead to fundamentally different capacities, preferences, and gendered behaviors. This scientifically unsupported view suggests that gender roles are rooted in biology, not culture

Dyads

two people in a socially approved pairing. One example is a married couple

Essentialism

A belief that gender and certain other social categories are inherent, fixed, internal, stable, deeply embedded, and unchangeable

Gender ideology

a complex set of beliefs about gender and gendered capacities, propensities, preferences, identities and socially expected behaviors and interactions that apply to males, females, and other gender categories. Gender ideology can differ among cultures and is acquired through enculturation. Also known as a cultural model of gender.

Consanguine

blood relation

Affine

non blood relation

Fictive Kin

Not a relative, but have agreed to terms of a relationship (Ex. Godmother, Godfather, sorority sisters, fraternity brothers)

Difference between family tree and kinship diagram

Family tree focuses on history of a family, kinship diagram focuses on the structure of a family

Bifurcate Merging

Negative Reciprocity

Asymmetrical Alliance

Symmetrical Alliance

Parallel Cousin Marriage

Murdock

Edmond Leach

functionalist, came up with the theory of rights allocated by marriage (sexual access, spouse’s labor, establishing legal father (pater) and a mother (mater))

Family

Residential kin group composed of a woman, dependant children, and a male adult associated by blood or marriage

Nuclear Family

couple and children

Extended Family

Family beyond couple and children (ex. grandparents).

Bride Service

work performed by groom’s family for the bride’s family

What cultures favor what marriage traditions?

horticulture usually practices polygyny and pride prices while agriculture practices dowrys

Edvard Westermarck

theorized that people who grow up in close proximity during early childhood develop a natural sexual aversion to each other

Margarie Wolfe

She documented how women navigated household power imbalances and economic roles in Taiwan

Functionalist Explaination for incest taboo

family disruption theory (incest disrupts the social status and function of a family)

Strucuralist explaination of incest taboo

marry out or die out

Hirijas

Often called a third gender, these individuals are usually biologically male but adopt female clothing, gestures, and names; may eschew sexual desire and sexual activity; and go through religious rituals that give them certain divine powers, including blessing or cursing couples’ fertility and performing at weddings and births. Hijra sometimes undergo voluntary surgical removal of genitals through a “nirvan” or rebirth operation. Some hijra are males born with ambiguous external genitals, such as a particularly small penis or testicles that did not fully descend

Emily Martin

pointed our sexism in biological spaces (western scientists refer to a woman’s egg as being a damsel and a man’s egg as being a “knight”)

The Native American Two-Spirit

individuals who embody both masculine and feminine spirits

Gender Dysphoria

condition in which gender identity does not match gender assigned at birth

Gender Stratification

Unequal distribution of social resources between gender in a society

Ernestine Friedl

Compared societies with larger stratification and smaller amounts to find the root cause (Productive vs Reproductive)

Genie Briggs

Found that foraging (hunting/gathering) socities survive in the winter by hunting animals with partially digested grasses in their stomachs

Eleanor Leacock

Found that patriarchy is not natural (ex. Hunting and gathering societies have men and women in equal positions of power)

Nancy Chodorow

Theorized that all children are a part of femininty as they are raised by their mother, but after a certain period boys transition into masculinity, making feminity the default.

Sherry Ortner

Structuralist, is female to male as nature is to culture, women = nature and men = culture, borrowed from Simone debeavoir

Strength Theory

Men have more upper body strength, muscle, and quick strength while women have more lower body strength, fat, long distance endurance, and perform better in the cold (due to fat)

Compatibility with Childcare theory

Women should be the primary care for children rather than hunting because if they do not hunt they do not have to worry about prey getting away, and they are more biologically compatable

Expendability theory

It is okay to lose some men because as long as their are still fertile women

Efficiency of Effort theory

Why switch gender roles when both are already knowledgable in their designated fields