Modern World History Part 2

Final

Imperialism

One country taking over another (involuntary)

Motives for Imperialism

EMPIRE (economics, raw materials and sell), (military strategy), (politics), (ideology, white supremacy), (religion, spread Christianity), (exploration).

Results of Berlin Conference of 1884-1885

European nations decided who was going to take what of Africa, no Africans were present or even thought of during this. Britain and France took most of Africa.

Map of Africa

Only Liberia and Ethiopia were independent

African Independence

When over 40 African countries took power back after being colonized by Europeans

Rwandan Genocide

Caused by Imperialism. Belgians created Hutu and Tutsi groups, and gave Tutsi’s privileges. Once Belgium left, Hutu took control and killed about 500,000 Tutsi men.

India as the “Jewel in the Crown”

The British East India Company used resources from India to make lots of money by selling them.

Hinduism

Predominant religion in India, very old, multiple gods, British are disrespectful to people of this religion.

Results of Sepoy Mutiny

India soldiers run by Britain, the new rifle used a cartridge with animal fat, making it disrespectful towards Hindus and Muslims. This caused the soldiers to rebel, after a year of fighting, the British East India Company was abloished.

Negative impact of Imperialism on Africa and Asia

Land stolen, resources taken, children learned European culture, and European languages

Opium in China

Britain wants more trade with China but China disagreed, so Britain starts selling Opium in China to get the citizens addicted. It works and 12 million Chinese people became addicted to it.

Similarities of Opium War and Boxer Rebellion

Started because of hate for foreign influence/western imperialism, ended with military defeats of China, and unfair treaties.

Sphere of Influence

Treaty negotiations after conflicts, that gave increasing control over China’s Economy. Britain, France, and Japan gained control of China’s trade and investment.

Open Door Policy

Stated that China’s doors stay open to merchants of all nations because the U.S. feared that other nations would divide China into Colonies.

Similarities of Russo-Japanese War and Sino-Japanese War

Japan started wars in order to gain control over Korea and Manchuria.

Edo Japan

Era where culture is the number 1 priority, and lasted 250 years.

Commodore Perry and the Japanese

Mathew Perry with the US Navy ended Japan’s Edo period and forced Japan to open 2 ports to the US. The emperor then studied the best modern technology form European nations and used them to Westernize Japan.

Changes of the Meiji Era

Built railroads, factories, and increased coal production. Also strengthened central government, Army, Navy, and improved Education.

Militarism

Focuses on improving military (using new technology)

Causes of WWI

M.A.I.N (Militarism, Alliance system, Imperialism, and Nationalism)

New weapons of WWI

Tanks, submarines, planes, poisonous gas, and machine guns

Alliance System

Brought lots of other countries into wars

Balkan Peninsula

Also known as “powder keg” of Europe, Ethnic rivalries and leading powers had lots of interest in this area.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The Black Hand (terrorist group), wanted to unite Slavic people and believed Archduke was a threat so they shot him and his wife (didn’t go as planned).

Purpose of Trench Warfare

To protect the soldiers for as long as possible

US entry into WWI

Germany blew up the Lucitania which had innocent civilians on board and the Zimmerman telegram revealed Germany’s plan against US.

Western and Eastern Front

France and Russia. Germany fought on both fronts

Armistice

WWI ended at 11 o’clock, on 11/11/1918 .

Treaty of Versailles’ impact on Germany

Negative impact, punished Germany, took Colonies, financial reparations, army and navy restricted.

War-guilt clause

Forced Germany to take full responsibility for causing WWI’s damages.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Because of Russian Revolution and created 9 nations

League of Nations

Woodrow Wilson proposed 14 points but only one was approved. Stated that it would guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states.

Propaganda

Tool used to influence people’s opinions (used to join war effort or to fund war)

Big Four

US, Britain, France, Italy. They wrote the peace treaty that ended the war.

Order of Declarations of war in WWI

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, then Russia (Serbia’s ally) declares war on Austria Hungary, Germany declared war on France and Russia.

Russian Revolution

Russia suffered more deaths than any other nation during WWI, causing the people to want to surrender the war, but Tsar Nicholas II disagreed. The Tsar was then overthrown by Communists, who 2 months later, surrendered.

Indian Independence

Ghandi was the leader, he had a nonviolent approach, which were the same methods that Martin Luther King Jr. used later.

Depression after WWI

Economic depression (worst for Europe), unemployment, and Veterans suffering from PTSD

Germany’s reaction to Treaty of Versailles

Germans hated the treaty because it was unfair how they had to take responsibility for something they didn’t do, so they ignored it.

Hitler’s rise to power

Desperate Germans wanted a better economy. Hitler scapegoated the Jewish people and the Germans believed him, so they elected him as ruler. Hitler used intimidation and violence to get his way though.

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin

US president, Ruler of Britain, and in charge of USSR

Non-Aggression pact

Hitler made a pact with Stalin (USSR), so he wouldn’t have to fight a war on 2 fronts. However, Hitler invades the Soviet Union, breaking this pact.

Appeasement

To give in to an aggressor

Munich Agreement

Allowed Germany to annex Sudetenland (a German speaking region of Czechoslovakia)

Fascism

Political ideology, one party rule (usually a dictator), no rights for the people, and symbols are used to identify who a person is siding with.

Hitler’s expansion in Europe

Hitler taking control over Rhineland, Poland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia

Beginning of WWI

Invasion of Poland caused Britain and France to declare war.

Tripartite Pact

Agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan

Blitzkrieg

Means Lightning War, it uses fast airplanes and tanks followed by massive infantry. This strategy worked on Poland.

Germany’s losses in Soviet Union

Hitler invades USSR in Summer, but the war continued until October. Germany was forced to surrender because they were surrounded in Berlin. 600,000 German soldiers died.