Cell Cycle: Mitosis and Meiosis

Flashcards covering the phases and significance of the cell cycle, including detailed steps of mitosis and meiosis based on the text.

The cell cycle phase that lasts for about $90\%$ of the total time is __________.

$$\text{interphase}$$

During the __________ phase, the cell makes enzymes required for the replication of DNA.

$$G1\text{ Phase}$$

The duplication of chromosomes, resulting in two sister chromatids, occurs during the __________ phase.

$$S\text{ Phase}$$

In the cell cycle, cells such as __________ remain in the G0 phase for indefinite periods.

neurons

The German biologist who discovered the events of mitosis in the $1880\text{s}$ was __________.

$$\text{Walther Flemming}$$

During prophase, the thread-like __________ material condenses to form thick visible chromosomes.

chromatin

In plant cells, the mitotic spindle is formed by the aggregation of spindle fibres present in the __________.

$$\text{cytoplasm}$$

Spindle fibres attach to chromosomes at the centromere where special __________ proteins are present.

$$\text{kinetochore}$$

The alignment of chromosomes along the equator of the cell forms the __________.

$$\text{metaphase plate}$$

In animal cells, cytokinesis involves a ring of __________ that contracts to pinch the cell into two.

$$\text{microfilaments}$$

In plant cells, Golgi vesicles fuse to form a structure called a __________ during cytokinesis.

$$\text{phragmoplast}$$

Mitosis is responsible for __________ in animals like sea stars that can regrow broken limbs.

$$\text{regeneration}$$

Hydra reproduces asexually through a process called __________, which involves mitotic cell division.

$$\text{budding}$$

Tumors that migrate and invade other tissues are called __________ tumors.

$$\text{malignant}$$

The spreading of disease from its original location to other parts of the body is called __________.

$$\text{metastasis}$$

Meiosis was discovered in $1876$ by the German biologist __________.

$$\text{Oscar Hertwig}$$

In meiosis-I, homologous chromosomes pair up in a process called __________.

$$\text{synapsis}$$

The X-shaped structures representing the site of crossing over are called __________.

$$\text{chiasmata}$$

The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids is known as __________.

$$\text{crossing over}$$

During __________, homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

$$\text{anaphase-I}$$

In flowering plants, the daughter cells produced by meiosis are called __________.

$$\text{spores}$$

The normal separation of chromosomes or sister chromatids during cell division is called __________.

$$\text{disjunction}$$

Failure of chromosomes to separate properly, leading to abnormal numbers in gametes, is called __________.

$$\text{non-disjunction}$$

While mitosis occurs in somatic cells, meiosis occurs in __________ cells.

$$\text{germ line}$$