Lesson 1: Understanding Politics and Government

Created by James Tero

Inequaility exists because of?

• Ineffectiveness of Policy

• Widespread graft and corruption

It is cause by high population growth and pandemic. Poorest quintile: 40% income loss

(2022); learning losses $893–1,137/student; pop. growth strains services

External Shocks

It is cause by low female labor participation; exclusion of indigenous/minorities. Men earn 50% more at low-wage end;
married women participation ~42%

Gender & Social Norms

It is cause by Urban-rural divides; poor infrastructure in regions like BARMM. Spatial factors: 13% of inequality; 42%
stunting in poorest vs. 11% in richest households.

Spatial/Regional

It is cause by unequal access; intergenerational poverty traps. Education accounts for 30%+ inequality; college grads earn 4x more; richest decile spends 22x on education vs. poorest.

Education & Human Capital

It is cause by low/uneven growth; weak job creation in high-productivity sectors; oligarchic control. Growth elasticity of poverty low; 30%+ low-educated in agriculture; top 1% holds 17% income; wages drive 45% of disparities.

Structural Economic

Revolutions and uprisings to overthrow governments often stem from what?

deep-seated grievances

Three examples of big revolution in history.

French Revolution (1789), Russian Revolution (1917), and Arab Spring (2010–2012).

It is cause by Poverty, inequality, food shortages, heavy taxation, financial crises. Best example is French Revolution.

Economic Grievances

It is cause by Authoritarianism, lack of representation, graft, censorship. Best example is Haitian Revolution.

Political Repression & Corruption

It is a form of government characterized by highly concentrated power, limited political freedoms, and the repression of opposition, where a single leader or small elite governs without constitutional accountability. It demands blind submission to authority, typically restricting individual rights and silencing criticism to maintain control and stability.

Authoritarianism

It is cause by class divides, denial of freedoms, ethnic/religious oppression. Best example is Labor unrest in Latin

America.

Social Inequality

The reason for it is the Enlightenment ideas, nationalism, calls for democracy. Best example of it is the Anti-communism in Eastern Europe.

Ideological Shifts

It is cause by Foreign interference, wars, ideological clashes. Best example of it is the

U.S./Soviet influences in Latin America

What are the five reasons for resorting to toppling the government? Example is the People Power EDSA Revolution

• Corruption & Cronyism

• Policy Ineffectiveness

• Political Repression

• Electoral Fraud

• Social & Economic Inequality

What does EDSA means?

Epifanio de los Santos Avenue

People Power was dated back at?

February 22-25,1986

Top 1 Biggest Gambling country in Asia

Philippines

Top 1 university in ASEAN

National University of Singapore

Central Bank that sent the most gold in 2024, with amount of 29.4T

Philippines

Individuals, groups and organizations in society compete to control _______ for their own ends and interests

resources

The dynamics of power in the society

Politics

Has been portrayed as the exercise of power and authority

Politics

Politics, as an allocation of _______, as an arena of deception and/or manipulation

scarce resources

Politics is associated with _____ and _______ in the society

power, authority

We cannot disregard ____ and _____ in the study of politics in society.

power, authority

the ability to impose one’s will on
others despite the “others”
resistance.

Power

‘‘exists whenever one, several, or many

people explicitly or tacitly permit

someone else to make decisions for

them in some category of acts.’’

Authority

What are the two types of sources of power?

Social Class, Social Status

refers to one’s life chances or position in the market

as indicated by one’s credentials, level of

education and prestige earned in society

Social Status

refers to the position of the person in the economic

ladder of society- upper, middle or lower class as

shown in his amount of wealth & income

Social Class

The classical view of POWER sees it as a ________ which

means, if “one” has wealth & social influence, one is powerful

possession

Who challenged the classical view of power?

Michelle Foucault

Power is seen more as what?

Personal Exercise

something that is achieved by the actor’s

effective use of strategies and manipulations to

advance his/her own interest.

Power

It is a concept that says possessing wealth and status do not immediately

translate into domination over another if the person is

poor in strategies and tactics in influencing the other

Power analytics

What are the three resources of authority?

Charismatic authority, Traditional authority, Rational-legal authority

founded on the personal traits and gifts of the

leader. The more authentic these personal traits are perceived by the

people, the higher is the legitimacy of the leader.

Charismatic authority

based on some sort of tradition handed down from

the past. The leader is obeyed by the people as legitimate because of an

informal norm handed down by elders in society. It is a kind of authority in

which the legitimacy of the authority figure is based on custom.

Traditional authority

based on a set of rules, and the belief in the

legitimacy of the process of rule creation and enforcement. The leader

assumes the right to exercise power over the people because the law says

so.

Rational-legal authority

What are the two APPROACHES TO STUDYING POWER

AND POLITICS IN THE PHILIPPINES?

• Patron-Client Relationship or Clientelism

• Political Machines

Its argument, is that Philippine politics revolves around

interpersonal relationships—especially familial and

patron-client ones—and factions composed of personal

alliances.

Patron-Client Relationship or Clientelism

The importance of money politics to build a huge

political machinery to win elections. Political machine

politics have brought out more clearly the importance

of money in Philippine politics, especially during

elections.

Political Machines

The politics of “guns,

goons and gold” is

associated with this type

of democracy.

Elite Democracy

A product of extreme

familism or strong family

ties which exclude nonrelatives or kin to access

public position or office in

the political structure.

Patrimonialism

This approach contends

that the political system is

essentially one in which

elites use connections,

wealth, and physical

force to control the

country's resources.

Elite Democracy

It

establishes elitism and

political dynasty in the

country.

Patrimonialism

when institutions lose trust, sovereignty

weakens, investment retreats, and

corruption becomes ________

normalized

How politics affects the economy and the economy affects politics. It determine the relationship between government and individuals, and how public policy affects society.

Political Economy

Political Economy is involved of three main elements

• Government, People, Market

What element of political economy must be balance between people and market, so that no one either of the two will sacrifice their status?

Government

What element of political economy will cause inequality in terms of economic status of people, especially a widen poverty rate within communities that causes people to not meet the essential needs to get the peaceful and good life if it is being more prioritized compare to people?

Market

What element of political economy will cause a sudden fall of income of our country and spike of debt if it is more prioritized by the government?

People

It sets rules, policies, laws, to provide goods that makes an effect within its people and market

Government

Buhol buhol na mga polisiya who also questioned each others validity that is why kahit perfect ang policy, ineffective pa rin ito

Intellectual Orgy

What kind of politics is intellectual orgy associated with?

Spaghetti Bowl Politics

Example of governance na gumagawa ng actions based sa nakakalap nilang data, data muna bago kilos. They make actions based on predicted future problems.

Extrapolatory Governance

Gumagawa ng actions to prevent future problems or disasters, they try to resolve UNPREDICTABLE problems/

Anticipatory Governance

Tsaka lang gagawa ng action kapag tapos na ang disaster

Reactive Governance

any events or objects that may imposed a risk to someone

Hazard

It is when the hazard kills lives and damages property

Disaster

It is the program-evaluation review technique. It is use to plan, schedule, and manage complex public policy initiatives, it test the effectiveness.

Pert Analysis

5 external factors to consider in Pert Analysis

Economic, Social, Technology, Legal Policy, Environment

We can only attain this if balance ang lahat ng elements ng political economy

Development

Measurement of how powerful the country is

Wealth (based on gold or reserves of country)

Why we call gold as part of RESERVES?

We use it for EMERGENCY or HIGH OPPORTUNITY for GOOD ROI only.

We must see the expenses of the PH in macro to ____ level

micro

The impact of corruption is not a straight line, pulu-pulutong at sanga-sanga ung effects niya sa lipunan natin which makes corruption rate higher.

Non-Linear Paradoxical Corruption

An area extending up to 200 nautical miles (nmi) from the coastal baseline. It is adjacent to the 12 nmi Territorial Sea. Exclusive rights to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage natural resources (both living, like fishing, and non-living, like oil/gas) in the water column, seabed, and subsoil. the coastal state does not have full sovereignty over the surface waters in this which means foreign ships can pass freely.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

It is the waters located beyond the 200 nmi EEZ of any coastal state.

• Open to all states, both coastal and land-locked.

• Freedom of navigation, overflight, fishing, and scientific research.

• Freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines.

• No state may claim sovereignty over any part of the high seas.

International Waters

How many China’s artificial lands does came from Zambales and Pangasinan?

8

numerical data record of growth in economy

economic growth

It cannot be possessed by a country even it has an economic growth. It should be evident and felt by citizens.

Economic Development