Unit 3 - Chemistry of Life

How many bonds can Carbon make?

4

Ion

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons

Octet Rule

most atoms are stable with eight valence electrons

Ionic Bond

transfer of electrons

Covalent Bond

sharing of electrons

Polar Covalent Bond

unequally shared electrons

Non Polar Covalent Bond

equally share electrons

Solvent

thing that dissolves

Solute

thing being dissolved

Solution

Solute + Solvent mixed together

Electronegativity

a measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons to itself

Hydrogen Bond (H-bond)

hydrogen bonding with hydrogen

Organic Compound

when carbon bonds with other atoms

Biomolecule

macromolecules found in living organisms

Polymer

molecule made of repeating subunits called monomers

Monomer

something that makes up molecules

Chitin

provides structural support

• found in the exoskeleton of insects

Phospholipid Bilayer

cell membrane that contains 2 layers of phospholipids

Denature/Denaturation

when a protein unfolds

Catalyst

speeds up a reaction

Digestion reaction (digestive reaction)

breaks down molecules

Synthesis Reaction

creates molecules

Gene

short section of DNA

What type of lines are Hydrogen bonds represented by?

(- - - - - -) Dashed lines

What type of lines are Covalent bonds represented by?

( ) Solid Lines

Water

most important liquid to life on earth

Cohesion

the interaction of H₂O with H₂O

Suface Tension

cohesive molecules have stronger attraction to each other rather than to other molecules

What is an example of Surface Tension?

Water droplets on a penny; paper clip floating on water

Adhesion

H₂O molecules stick to other polar substances

Capillary Action

movement of H₂O through small pores against the force of gravity

What is an example of Capillary action?

Capillary action helps explain the way water moves through plants

Universal Solvent

Many polar and ionic things dissolve in water

Lower density as a solid

water expands when it freezes

What is an example of “Lower density as a solid”?

Water floats on top of liquid water

High Specific Heat

• Stable temperature

• It takes a lot of energy to heat up water

What is an example of “High Specific Heat”?

• Sand is hot during the day and water is cold

• Sand is cold at night and water is warm

High Heat Vaporization

• Water cools surfaces down as it evaporates

What is an example of “High Heat Vaporization”?

Human body sweating —> Cools us down

What are the 6 properties of water?

• Cohesion

• Adhesion

• Universal Solvent

• Lower Density as a Solid

• High Specific Heat

• High Heat Vaporization

What are the 6 basic elements of life?

• C (Carbon)

• H (Hydrogen)

• O (Oxygen)

• N (Nitrogen)

• P (Phosphorous)

• S (Sulfur)

What are the 4 biomolecules?

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

What is the monomer of Carbohydrates?

Monosaccharide

What is the monomer of Lipids?

No true monomer

• Made of

  • Fatty Acids

  • Glycerol

What is the monomer of Proteins?

Amino Acids

What is the monomer of Nucleic Acids?

Nucleotides

What is the ratio of C, H, and O in a monosaccharide?

1:2:1 ratio(one to two to one)

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

• provide a quick source of energy

  • Glycogen

  • Starch

• Structural Support

  • Chitin

  • Cellulose

What is the name for two monosaccharides?

Disaccharide

What is the name for many monosaccharides?

Polysaccharide

What is the structure of starch?

Linear Structure (giving it strength)

What is the function of starch?

a way to store energy in plants

Where can starch be found in a plant?

Chloroplasts

What is the function of glycogen?

Energy

Where can glycogen be found?

in the liver cell

What is the structure of Cellulose?

Linear Chains of Glucose

What is the function of cellulose?

Provide strength to the cell wall of a plant

Where can Cellulose be found?

In the plant cell wall

Benedict’s Test

test for monosaccharides

What color do the results of the Benedict’s test mean?

• Negative

  • Blue

• Positive

  • Green

  • Orange

  • Red

Iodine Test

test for starch

What do the color results of the Iodine mean?

• Negative

  • Orangish

  • Brown

• Positive

  • Dark Purple

  • Black

What are the Atoms found in Lipids?

• C (Carbon)

• H (Hydrogen)

• O (Oxygen)

What is the ratio of atoms in Lipids?

• Lots of C and H

• little amounts of O

What are the basic structures of Lipids?

• Triglyceride

• Phospholipid

• Cholesterol (Steroid)

What are the main functions of Lipids?

• provide insulation (blubber)

• long-term energy storage

• important structures of membranes

In phospholipids what side is polar?

• Head

  • Polar

• Tail

  • Nonpolar

Why is a cell membrane able to be called a phospholipid bilayer?

• There are 2 layers of phospholipids

Saturated fatty acids

• single bonds

• strait shape

• solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fatty acids

• double bond (s)

• bent shape

• liquid at room temperature

Sudan III Test

test for lipids

Brown Bag Test

test for lipids

What do the results of the Sudan III test show?

• Positive

  • Orange layer formed on top

• Negative

  • Orange dye dispersed throughout sample

What do the results of the Brown Bag test show?

• Positive

  • Transparent Spot

• Negative

  • No Change

What is the polymer of Proteins?

Polypeptide Chain

What makes amino acids different from each other?

R-groups (Side Chains)

What is the bond between the monomers that create the polymer?

Covalent Bonds

What R-groups can interact with water?

Polar and Ionic R-groups

What R-groups can not interact with water?

Nonpolar R- groups

What are 2 functions of Proteins?

• acting as enzymes

• allow transport

• cell surface receptor

• cell surface identity marker

• cell adhesion

• attachment to cytoskeleton

What does the primary level of protein folding do?

becomes a sequence of a chain of amino acids

What does the secondary level of protein folding do?

polypeptide chains fold into helices or sheets

What does the tertiary level of protein folding do?

3D folding pattern of a protein forms due to side chain interactions

What does the Quaternary level of protein folding do?

protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

• separate proteins come together

What is the process of denaturation?

makes proteins no longer functional

What are the conditions that cause denaturation?

• pH

• high temperatures

• salinity

Biuret Test

Test for peptide bonds

What do the results of the Biuret test represent?

Positive

• purple

Negative

• blue

What is the main function of enzymes?

act as catalysts

What are the two types of enzymes?

• Synthesis reaction

• Digestive reaction

What is the main function of Nucleic Acids?

store/transfer genetic information

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

• Phosphate

• 5-Carbon Sugar (Pentose Sugar)

• Nitrogen Base

What is the main function of DNA

store genetic information

What is the main function of RNA

transfer genetic information to create proteins

DNA

• double helix

• A —> T

• C —>G

RNA

• single helix

• A —> U

• C —> G

How can ADP become ATP?

A phosphate is added

How is ATP energy used?

the phosphate bond is broken off