Promoting Exercise and Physical Activity

Flashcards covering physical activity terminology, historical trends, assessment measures, types of obesity, and occupational therapy interventions based on the lecture transcript.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness

The ability of the body’s circulatory and respiratory systems to supply fuel and oxygen during sustained physical activity.

Exercise

Repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain components of physical fitness including cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.

Inactivity

Performing less than $10$ minutes total per week of moderate- or vigorous-intensity lifestyle activities.

Insufficient Physical Activity

Doing more than $10$ minutes total per week of moderate- or vigorous-intensity lifestyle activities but not enough to meet recommendations.

Kilocalorie

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of $1\,kg$ of water $1^{\circ}C$.

• Discussed in food or exercise

  energy-expenditure tables.

Leisure-Time

Inactivity

No reported leisure-time physical

activities in the past month.

Leisure-Time Physical Activity

Exercise, sports, recreation, or hobbies not associated with regular job duties, household, or transportation.

Metabolic Equivalent (MET)

A unit used to estimate the amount of oxygen used by the body during physical activity; moderate-intensity is $3-6$ METs and vigorous-intensity is >6 METs.

Moderate Physical Activity

Activity performed for $\ge 30$ minutes per day for $\ge 5$ days per week at a moderate intensity.

Occupational

Physical

Activity

Completed regularly as part of one’s job

(e.g., walking, lifting, pushing, carpentry,

etc.)

Physical Activity

Bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle that substantially increases energy expenditure.

Regular Physical Activity

A pattern followed if activities are performed daily, for $5$ or more days of moderate-intensity, or $3$ or more days of vigorous-intensity.

Physical fitness

Set of attributes a person has in regards to a person’s ability to perform physical activities.

Vigorous-Intensity Physical Activity

Intense activity characterized by large increase in heart rate, a perceived exertion of $15$ or greater on the Borg Scale, burning more than $7\,kcal/min$, and exceeding $6$ METs.

Weight-Bearing Physical Activity

Any physical activity that imparts a load or impact on the skeleton, such as jumping or skipping.

Fitness Ethic in the prevention of disease and injury:

◆ If all parts of the body are used in

moderation and exercised, become thereby

healthy, well-developed, and age more

slowly.

◆ If unused and left idle, they become liable to

disease, defective in growth, and age

quickly.

776 BC

The year the first Olympics event was held on the Olympia plains in Greece, dedicated to the Olympian Gods.

AD 393

The year the Olympics were banned by Emperor Theodosius due to connections to pagan cults.

The olympics Nonreligious reasons

◆ Promoting a fitness ethic

◆ Showcasing the physical qualities

◆ Showcasing the performances of the youth

◆ Encouraging civil relationships among cities

1896

Revived and have been reintroduced as an

international event:

◆ Greece, US, Germany, France, UK, and 10

other countries.

1900

Women first competed in Paris, France ;

Countries increased to 24.

1924

Winter olympics

1952

Paralympics

◆ Used for terrorist attacks (Munich Games in

1972 ; Atlanta Games in 1996)

◆ Used for political leverage (US boycott the

Olympics as it was hosted by the Soviet

Union)

Not good

T, F-macrolevel

True or false: Remain the most recognized form of global goodwill.

Prime example of a mesolevel occupation that

promotes a fitness ethic, global cooperation, and

communication.

➔ Time

➔ Place

➔ Access

➔ Self-Esteem, Self-Presentational Concerns,

Self-Concept, and Body Image

➔ Occupational Roles: Child and Adult Caregiving

Barriers to Physical Activity Engagement

◆ Diagnosed with breast and colon cancers

◆ Diagnosed with prostate cancer (but

inconsistent)

◆ Diagnosed with lung and endometrial

cancers

◆ Older populations

◆ Postmenopausal women

◆ Elementary school-aged girls resulting in

academic achievement

◆ Men with dementia

◆ People with depression, anxiety, and stress

Physical activity results to

● Improves glucose metabolism

● Reduces body fat

● Lowers blood pressure

● Reduces risk and impact of diabetes

● Reduces risk and impact of cardiovascular disease

● Reduces risk of breast and colon cancer

● Improves and maintains health of muscles, bones,

and joints

● Controls weight

● Decreases anxiety and symptoms of depression

● Decreases risk of early death

Health Benefits of Regular Physical Activity

Transtheoretical model of change

Most widely used theory for understanding and

promoting physical activity behavior. It views behavior

change as a dynamic process that occurs through

different stages over time.

➔ Has the potential for use in conjunction with

occupational therapy models as well as interventions

based on occupational science

Activity diary

Records an individual’s daily physical

activities and participation patterns

Daily, 3 or more days for vigorous intensity, 5 pr more for moderate

Regular physical activity

Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)

A measure of how hard a person feels they are working based on physical sensations; estimated heart rate is calculated as $RPE \times 10$. RPE score of 12 to 14 are moderate to vigorous physical activity

International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)

An instrument developed by an international expert group to measure physical activity across countries and evaluate health promotion programs.

Transtheoretical Model of Change

The most widely used theory for understanding and promoting physical activity, viewing behavior change as a dynamic process occurring through stages.

Pedometer

A device worn on a belt or waistband that measures physical activity through step counting.

Population based environmental surveys

Assess how supportive a community is for physical activity

Walkability checklist

Evaluates how suitable a

community is for walking

Bikeability checklist

Evaluates how suitable a

community is for cycling.

◆ Exercise became increasingly associated

with physical therapy.

◆ Physical activity was no longer viewed as a

central occupation within OT.

◆ Health promotion and prevention received

less attention.

As occupational therapy became more medically

oriented:

William Rush Dunton Jr. and Susan Tracy

Early contributors to occupational therapy who used manual activities, physical activities, and calisthenics to address dysfunction.

➔ Developmental stages

➔ Life transitions

➔ Age-related

Human development, OT pracs. understand

➔ Meaningful activities

➔ Daily routines

➔ Habits and roles

Rather than exercise alone, OT

focuses on:

P + E + O Intervention

OT evaluates how these

influence participation

➔ Physical activity opportunities

➔ Recreational environments

➔ Community participation

OT promotes equal access to:

Pre-Obese Static Phase

The first phase of weight gain where weight remains stable because energy intake equals energy expenditure.

◆ Adolescent girls

◆ College students

◆ Pregnant women

◆ Older adults

Physical Activity vulnerability groups

Team sports

Childhood and adolescence

Aerobics, gym exercise

Adulthood

Walking, yoga, swimming

Pregnancy

◆ Analyze routines

◆ Increase movement during daily occupations

◆ Modify IADLs and work tasks

◆ Integrate physical activity naturally

OTs help clients by

◆ Ecology of Human Performance

◆ Model of Human Occupation

◆ Occupational Adaptation

◆ Person-Environment-Occupation-

Performance Model

◆ Person-Environment-Occupation Model

Person-Environment-Occupation Perspective

◆ Conducting community assessments and

evaluate accessibility

◆ Creating physical activity programs

◆ Developing interventions in mental health

settings

◆ Promoting equity of access

◆ Improving park and playground accessibility

◆ Training teachers, housing staff, etc.

◆ Educating community organizations

◆ Participating in urban planning

◆ Supporting legislation promoting physical

activity

➔ Physical activity can reduce secondary health

conditions, long-term disability complications, and

health disparities.

Dynamic Phase

The second phase of weight gain where weight gradually increases due to energy intake exceeding energy expenditure.

Obese Static Phase

The phase where a new energy balance is achieved at a higher level and the body physiologically defends this new weight.

Macronutrient Energy Values

Protein ($4\,kcal/g$), Carbohydrates ($4\,kcal/g$), and Fat ($9\,kcal/g$).

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The largest component of energy expenditure, accounting for $50\%-70\%$ of total daily energy use while resting and fasting.

Thermal Effect of Food

The smallest component of energy expenditure, accounting for $10\%$ of energy intake required for digestion, absorption, and metabolism.

OB Gene

A gene located on chromosome $7$ that produces Leptin, which acts as a 'lipostat' to reduce food intake and increase energy expenditure.

BMI Calculation

A screening tool for weight status calculated as $BMI = \text{Weight (kg)} / \text{Height (m)}^2$.

Class I Obesity

An adult BMI classification ranging from $30-34.9$.

Class II Obesity

An adult BMI classification ranging from $35-39.9$.

Extreme Obesity

An adult BMI classification of $\ge 40$.

Abdominal Obesity Waist Circumference

Independent risk factor thresholds set at greater than $40\,in.\,(102\,cm)$ for men and greater than $35\,in.\,(88\,cm)$ for women.

Apple-shaped Body Type

Characterized by a larger waist and more abdominal fat, presenting a higher risk for coronary heart disease and metabolic disorders.

Hypercholesterolemia

A condition defined by total cholesterol levels greater than $240\,mg/dL$.

Insulin-resistance syndrome

Also known as Metabolic syndrome; a cluster of conditions including hyperinsulinemia, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.

MyPyramid

A tool recommended by the Dietary Guidelines to help individuals make healthier food choices by emphasizing all food groups and variety.

DASH Diet

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; developed to prevent and treat hypertension without medications.

Prevention Plus

The first stage of the four-stage treatment approach for pediatric obesity, focusing on healthy eating and increased activity.

Sibutramine (Meridia) and Orlistat (Xenical)

FDA-approved medications for pharmacotherapy in weight management, considered after unsuccessful lifestyle interventions.

Safe Routes to School Program

A policy initiative that encourages walking and bicycling to school to increase daily physical activity among children.