APUSH 29 Simple IDs

Bull Moose

Four-footed symbol of Roosevelt’s Progressive third party in 1912

Socialist Party

A fourth political party, led by a former railroad labor union leader, that garnered nearly a million votes in 1912

New Freedom

Wilson’s political philosophy of restoring democracy through trust-busting and economic competition

Federal Reserve Board

A twelve-member agency appointed by the president to oversee the banking system under a new federal law of 1913

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

New presidentially appointed regulatory commission designed to prohibit unfair business competition, unethical advertising, and labeling practices

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Wilsonian trust-busting law that prohibited interlocking directorates and other monopolistic business practices, while legalizing labor and agricultural organizations

Jones Act

Wilson-backed law that promised the Philippines eventual independence from the United States, but only when a stable and secure government was attained

Haiti

Troubled Caribbean island nation where a president’s murder led Wilson to send in the marines and assume American control of the police and finances

ABC powers

Term for the three Latin American nations whose mediation prevented war between the United States and Mexico in 1914

Central Powers

World War I alliance headed by Germany and Austria-Hungary

Allies

The coalition of powers—led by Britain, France, and Russia—that opposed Germany and its partners in World War I

Submarine (U-boat)

New underwater weapon that threatened neutral shipping and seemed to violate all traditional norms of international law

Lusitania

Large British passenger liner whose sinking in 1915 prompted some Americans to call for war against Germany

Sussex pledge

Germany’s carefully conditional agreement in 1916 not to sink passenger and merchant vessels without warning

California

Key electoral state where a tiny majority for President Wilson tipped the balance against Republican Charles Evans Hughes in 1916

Thomas Woodrow Wilson

Southern-born intellectual who pursued strong moral goals in politics and the presidency

Theodore Roosevelt

Energetic progressive and vigorous nationalist whose failed third-party effort contributed to Wilson’s victory in the election of 1912

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist party leader who garnered nearly a million votes for president in the election of 1912.

Samuel Gompers

Labor leader who hailed the Clayton Anti-Trust Act as the “Magna Carta of labor”

Louis D. Brandeis

Leading progressive reformer and the first Jew appointed to the Supreme Court

Virgin Islands

Caribbean territory purchased by the United States from Denmark in 1917

General Huerta

Mexican revolutionary whose bloody regime Wilson refused to recognize and nearly ended up fighting

Venustiano Carranza

Second revolutionary Mexican president, who took aid from the United States but strongly resisted American military intervention in his country

Vera Cruz

Port where clashes between Mexicans and American military forces nearly led to war in 1914

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary whose assaults on American citizens and territory provoked a U.S. expedition into Mexico

John J. Pershing

Commander of the American military expedition into Mexico in 1916–1917

Belgium

Small European nation whose neutrality was violated by Germany in the early days of World War I

Serbia

Small European nation in which an Austro-Hungarian heir was killed, leading to the outbreak of World War I

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Autocratic ruler who symbolized ruthlessness and arrogance to many pro-Allied Americans

Charles Evans Hughes

Narrowly unsuccessful presidential candidate who tried to straddle both sides of the fence regarding American policy toward Germany