Exam 1

Levels of Organization

Atoms

Molecules

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

Organisms.

Characteristics of Life

Reproduction, Growth and Differentiation, Metabolism, Response.

Reproduction

Passing genetic information to offspring.

Growth and Differentiation

Increasing cell size or number; cell specialization in multicellular organisms.

Metabolism

Acquiring and utilizing energy to fuel cellular processes.

Response

Processing internal and external environmental stimuli.

Biomolecules

Include Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids.

Carbohydrates

Composed of sugar molecules; used in cellular respiration to produce ATP energy.

Proteins

Composed of amino acids; function in transport, structure, enzymatic activity, and support.

Lipids

Fats used for connective tissue, insulation, and long-term energy storage.

Nucleic Acids

Composed of nucleotides; store and process genetic information.

Anterior

Toward the front.

Posterior

Toward the back/behind.

Medial

Toward the body's midline.

Lateral

Away from the body's midline.

Proximal

Toward an attachment site.

Distal

Away from an attachment site.

Midsagittal Plane

Divides the body into equal left and right halves along the midline.

Frontal Plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

Cranial Cavity

Holds the brain.

Vertebral Canal

Holds the spinal cord.

Thoracic Cavity

Includes the pleural cavities (lungs) and pericardial cavity (heart).

Abdominal Cavity

Holds the stomach, liver, spleen, and intestines.

Pelvic Cavity

Holds the urinary bladder and reproductive organs.

Cell Theory

Cells are the building blocks of all life; produced by division of pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotic Cells

Contain only non-membranous organelles.

Eukaryotic Cells

Contain both membranous and non-membranous organelles.

Nucleus

Houses DNA and produces mRNA and ribosomes.

Mitochondria

Performs cellular respiration to generate ATP from glucose.

Plasma Membrane

Phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Passive Transport

Movement down a concentration gradient without energy.

Active Transport

Movement against a concentration gradient, requiring ATP.

Tight Junction

Interlocking cell adhesion proteins fuse membranes.

Mitosis - S Phase

DNA duplication occurs.

Mitosis - Prophase

Nuclear membrane breaks down to release chromatin/DNA.

Mitosis - Metaphase

Chromosomes align along the equatorial middle of the cell.

Mitosis - Anaphase

Cytoskeletal spindle fibers pull chromosomes to opposite poles.

Mitosis - Telophase

Two new nuclei form around separated chromosomes.

Mitosis - Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm divides, separating into two individual daughter cells.

Primary Tissue Types

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous.

Epithelial Tissue

Functions in protection, absorption, and secretion.

Connective Tissue

Supports, binds, and protects body structures.

Muscle Tissue

Contracts to generate mechanical movement.

Nervous Tissue

Transmits rapid electrical signals.

Simple Epithelial

Single layer of cells.

Stratified Epithelial

Multiple layers of cells.

Exocrine Glands

Release secretions onto surfaces or into lumens.

Endocrine Glands

Release hormones into interstitial fluid or bloodstream.

Eccrine Secretion

Direct secretion via exocytosis without cell loss.

Apocrine Secretion

Product is shed bound in vesicles from apical cytoplasm.

Holocrine Secretion

Secretion builds up until entire cell lyses and dies.

Loose Connective Tissue

Includes Areolar, Adipose, Reticular.

Dense Connective Tissue

Includes Regular and Irregular.

Blood

Watery plasma matrix carrying RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

Cartilage

Chondroblasts harden matrix with sulfate.

Bone

Osteoblasts mineralize matrix with calcium phosphate.

Cutaneous Membrane

Skin; layered epithelial boundary providing protection.

Mucous Membrane

Lines cavities and secretes mucus.

Serous Membrane

Secretes serous fluid to diminish friction.

Synovial Membrane

Lines joint cavities and secretes synovial fluid.

Layers of the Epidermis

Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Corneum.

Keratinocytes

Main epidermal cell; produces waterproof keratin.

Melanocytes

Produce melanin for UV protection.

Tactile Cells

Sensory cells for light touch perception.

Dendritic Cells

Mobile macrophages for phagocytosis.

Dermis

Middle layer of connective tissue.

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous adipose tissue layer.

Sebaceous Gland

Produces sebum/oil for skin lubrication.

Arrector Pili Muscle

Smooth muscle contracting to erect hair.

Sensory Nerve Fibers

Communicate tactile, thermal, vibrational, and pain stimuli.

Motor Nerve Fibers

Send brain signal commands to cutaneous glands and muscles.