First Test Lecture Notes

What is not a part of the top 3 factor of physical examination?

Volume

What is an unspecified, can be collected at any time, that give somtimes an inaccurate view of a patient health?

Random

What is the main purpose of random time of collection?

Commonly for screening purpose

What is the first urine voided?

First Morning

What is the first morning commonly used for?

Pathology of Kidney

What is the collection of urine that measures creatine, urine nitrogen, glucose, sodium, potassium?

Timed

What is the main purpose of timed collection?

Check function of kidney

What is preferred type of specimen; due to reduced incidence of cellular and microbial contamination, is used for bacteria culture and sensitivity testing?

Midstream Clean-Catch

T/F

Refrigeration or chemical preservation of urine specimens may be utilized if testing within a two-hour window is not possible.

True

What is the most common chemical preservative?

Boric Acid

What should not last more than 5 mins?

Foam

Foam last more than 5mins indicates?

Proteinuria

What is normal volume?

600-2000 ml/day

What is oliguria?

Less than 400 ml

What is Anuria?

Less than 75 ml

Anuria leads to what?

Renal Failure

What is Polyuria?

More than 2500 ml

What is the sign of Polyuria?

Diabetes

What gives pigment that gives urine it’s characteristic yellow color?

Urochrome

What is a milky body fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids?

Chyluria

What color is Chyluria, Lipiduria, Pyuria urine?

Cloudy White

What is color is vaginal creams, mucus, excessive mineral sedmient?

Clear White

What is liver or bile duct problems?

Orange to Amber

T/F

False Jaundice gives an orange appearance; true jaundice gives a yellow appearance.

True

What color is Bilirubin, Biliverdin, Pseudomonas infection?

Cloudy Green

What is irreversible brown?

Methemoglobin

What is a brown and skeletal muscle?

Myoglobin

What is a gloss hemoglobin (Porphyrin)?

Purple

What is color is Pseudomonas infection, Familial hypercalcemia, Blue Diaper Syndrome?

Cloudy Blue

What urine may contain mucus?

Hazy

What urine may contain one componet?

Cloudy

What urine may contain RBCs?

Turbid

What is urine may contain fat or chyle?

Milky

What color is very dilute polyuria?

Clear

What is associated with foamy urine?

UTI

What cause the odor is sweet or fruity, acetone, alcohol?

Ketones

What caused the odor pungent?

Bacteria UTI

What causes the odor maple syrup, sweet?

Amino Acids

What causes a musty or mousy odor of infant urine?

Phenylketonuria

What cause rancid butter and fishy?

Hypermethioninemia

What causes a stronger ammonia?

Dehydration

What the ratio of the weight of a volume of urine to the weight of the same volume of distilled water a constant temperature?

Urine Specific Gravity

T/F

Normal Range of Urine Concentration test is 1.003-1.035.

True

T/F

Measure total solute concentration, but depends on the number of particles in the solution, whereas specific gravity depends on the number and weight of the solutes.

True

Osmolatity is a _____ indicator of the concentrating and diluting abilities of the kidney, because it is unaffected by the density of sulutes.

Better

In _____ urine, the direct measurement of urine osmolality should be used.

Pathological

What is a basic Dx tool used to determine pathological changes in Pts urine in the standard urinalysis?

Dipstick (Urine test strip)

How do you prevent the loss of urine sensitivity?

Store reagent strips in their bottles with lid closed at room temperature

You should only remove number of strips you need for

immediate testing

How to keep a Dipstick accurate?

All of the options

T/F

Dipstick should also avoid sunlight, heat, cold, volatile substances, moisture

True

How long should the dipstick remains in the specimens?

<2 secs

What method uses the dipstick to immerse the entire strip into the specimen and withdraw it in one continuous motion, while removing excess urine by dragging across the end of the specimen container?

Manual

How long does it take to read a dipstick?

Both

What regulate the acid-base balance of the body?

Lungs and Kidneys

What is the urine reflection of the kidney to maintain normal hydrogen ion concentration in plasma and extracellular fluid?

PH

What is a pH of metabolic abnormalities?

Diagnostic

What is a pH regulation of diet or medication?

Therapeutic

How long does it take to read a PH?

60 secs

What is the ranges in a pH commercial dipstick?

5 to 8.5

What is the normal range of a commercial dipstick?

5 to 8

When more protein intake is high, or more phosphates, sulfates are produced, the urine is more

Acidic

What is a acidic pH scale?

Less than 7

Vegetable diet results in urine pH higher than

6.5-7

Which one is consider a factor of Alkalinity?

Acute and Chronic renal failure

What is considered an Acidity factor?

High protein diets or cranberries

What is the most common Alkalinity factor?

Urinary Tract Infection

What is the source of small amount of low-molecular weight protein could be found in the urine?

Gentio-Urinary Tract

What is secreted by the renal epithelial cells of the renal tubules, and is not derived from the blood plasma?

Tamm-Horsfall (Uromodulin)

How many protein od Tamm-Horsfall is excreted?

150 mg/24 h

Uromodulin protein is a _____ for formation of casts.

Matrix

Detects primarily _____ which is derived from blood plasma.

Albumin

Where is the albumin and AA are reabsorbed?

Proximal Tubules

Which one is a part of temporary proteinuria?

All of the option

Which one is not a part of persistent proteinuria?

Pregnancy

Where is Urine glucose normally contained?

Ultrafiltrate

Glucose is usually not present unless threshold level exceeded

160-180 mg/dl

Glucosuria dependent are what

All of the options

The glucose concentration varies in different individuals, and can present in urine in two hours after eating sweet food?

Transient Glucosuria

What is a persistent glucosuria that affects the left portion of “tailbone”?

Diabetes Mellitus (Endocrine Problem)

What is a persistent glucosuria that begin as a tumor in the adrenal gland?

Pheochromocytoma (Endocrine Problem)

What persistent glucosuria causes strokes and neoplasms?

CNS problem

What persistent glucosuria is a toxication and end stage of renal failure?

Kidney Problem

What persistent glucosuria is glycogen storage disease?

Liver Disorder

What persistent glucosuria is diuretics and birth control pills?

Pharmaceutical Agents

What are produced normally by the liver as a part of fatty acid metabolism, when the body cannot produce enough glucose for energy?

Ketones

What is the most commonly appear in the urine when fats are burned for energy?

Beta-hydroxybutyric Acid

What is blood in urine may be released from any organ of the Genitourinary Tract?

Hematuria

What is due to intravascular distraction of RBC, and excretion through the glomerular filtration?

Hemoglobinuria

What is due to muscle damage, and excretion through the glomerular filtration?

Myoglobinuria

T/F

Lysed in urine, the microscopic examination may show the empty red cell membranes which are often referred to as ghost cells.

True

Urine that highly _____ or has a very low specific gravity can cause the red cells to lyse, thus releasing their hemoglobin into the urine.

Alkaline

After centrifuging, the urine of myoglobinuria is red, whereas the urine of hemoglobinuria is pink to clear.

Macroscopic Differentiation

What is based on the ammonium sulfate precipitation test, appears with hemoglobin but not myoglobin?

Chemical Differentiation

What appears in hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria?

Electric Shock

Kinesopathogly, Myopathology, Pathophysiology, Neuropathology, and Histopathology

VSC

T/F

Pain ascend throgh the lateral spinothalamic tracy.

True

Frontal Cortex

Thinking

Limbic System

Emotional

What is not dervied from the Ectoderm?

Skeletal muscle