intro to clinical exam w

What is American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)?

National professional organization for SLPs and audiologists; sets standards, certification, and ethics.

What is CCC?

Certificate of Clinical Competence (credential from ASHA showing professional qualification).

How many observation hours are required before direct client contact?

25 hours

What is scope of practice?

Defines what professionals are trained and allowed to do.

Difference: SLP vs SLP-A vs Audiologist vs Audiology Assistant?

→ SLP/Audiologist: diagnose & treat
→ Assistants: support services under supervision

What is continuing education? Why needed?

→ Ongoing learning to maintain licensure & stay current with best practices.

How are SLPs most often paid?

Salary (schools, hospitals) or fee-for-service (private practice)

What is SOAP?

→ Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan (documentation format)

Professional vs personal ethics?

→ Professional = governed by codes (ASHA)
→ Personal = individual belief

Who provides Code of Ethics?

ASHA

What is HIPAA?

Law protecting patient health information privacy

What is a conflict of interest?

Personal gain interferes with professional duties

What is screening?

Quick check to identify need for full evaluation

What is diagnosis?

Identifying a disorder

What is prognosis?

Predicted outcome/improvement

Formal vs informal tests?

→ Formal: standardized
→ Informal: observations, language samples

What is a standard score?

Score compared to norm group (mean = 100)

Percentile rank?

% of people scoring below

Age equivalent?

→ Age level of performance (less reliable)

Why use speech samples?

Real-life communication analysis

Long-term goal vs short-term objective?

LTG = broad outcome
→ STO = measurable steps

Clinician-directed vs client-directed therapy?

→ Clinician = structured
→ Client = natural/play-based

Why is EI (Early Intervention) different?

→ Family-centered, play-based, routines

504 Plan vs IEP?

→ 504 = accommodations only
→ IEP = specialized instruction + services

What is RTI?

Response to Intervention (tiered support system)

RTI Tiers?

→ Tier 1: general instruction
→ Tier 2: small group
→ Tier 3: intensive

What is FAPE?

→ Free Appropriate Public Education

What is LRE?

Least Restrictive Environment

What is IDEA (individuals with disabilities act)?

→ Federal law for special education services

IEP components?

Present levels, goals, services, accommodations

IFSP components?

→ Family-centered goals, services (birth–3)

Who is on the IEP team?

→ Parents, teachers, SLP, specialists

Modes of language?

Receptive, expressive, written

SLI vs LLD vs SLD?

→ SLI Specific Language Impairment: language only
→ LLD Language Learning Disability: language + learning
→ SLD Specific Learning Disability: academic (reading, math)

Signs of learning disabilities?

Difficulty reading, writing, memory, attention

When do pre-literacy skills start?

Infancy

5 pillars of reading?

→ Phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension

Phonological vs phonemic awareness vs phonics?

→ Phonological = sound awareness
→ Phonemic = smallest sounds
→ Phonics = sound-letter mapping
→ Order: phonological → phonemic → phonics

Orton-Gillingham approach?

→ Multisensory, structured literacy method

Stuttering vs cluttering?

→ Stuttering = repetitions/blocks
→ Cluttering = fast, disorganized speech

Neurogenic vs psychogenic stuttering?

→ Neurogenic = brain injury
→ Psychogenic = psychological origin

Characteristics of true stuttering?

→ Repetitions, prolongations, blocks

Fluency shaping techniques?

→ Easy onset, slow rate, continuous phonation

Stuttering modification techniques?

→ Prep set, cancellations, pull-outs/slides

How is hearing loss classified?

Degree (mild–profound) & type (conductive, sensorineural)

Speech banana?

→ Area on audiogram where speech sounds occur

Chronological vs developmental vs listening age?

→ Chronological = actual age
→ Developmental = skill level
→ Listening = time with hearing access

Auditory hierarchy?

→ Detection → Discrimination → Identification → Comprehension

When refer for cochlear implant?

→ Severe-profound loss with limited benefit from hearing aids

What is pragmatics?

→ Social use of language

What is Theory of Mind (ToM)?

→ Understanding others’ thoughts/feelings

Executive functions?

→ Planning, organization, impulse control

Signs of poor executive function?

→ Disorganization, impulsivity, poor planning

4 basic disability categories?

Physical, cognitive, sensory, emotional

IDEA disability categories?

13 categories (e.g., SLD, autism, speech impairment)

Models of disability?

Medical vs social model

Rehab Act of 1973?

Prevents discrimination (Section 504)

ADA?

American with disabilities act- Broad disability rights law

WIOA?

→ Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act Employment support for individuals with disabilities

What is vocational rehabilitation?

Services to help individuals gain employment

Transition services?

Prepare students for adulthood (start by age 16)

What is EEOC?

Enforces workplace discrimination laws

What is EBP (evidence based practice)?
→ Combines research + clinical expertise + patient values

Why does EBP matter?
→ Ensures effective, ethical treatment

Why consider culture/socioeconomics?

Impacts communication, assessment, and treatment validity

EHDI?

Early Hearing Detection and Intervention

Medicaid?

Government health insurance program

What must be determined for school services?

→ Eligibility + educational impact

K-12 vs higher ed goal difference?

→ K-12: success in school
→ Higher ed: independence/self-advocacy

Phonics

sounds and symbols, sequencing, knowledge of the rules of reading in English, morphology 

Phonemic awareness-

rhyming, phoneme isolation, phoneme manipulation, word and syllable separation, segmenting, blending

Erber’s Hierarchy

Erber’s Hierarchy- no lip-reading cues  
• Detection- awareness, can you detect that sound is present  
• Localization: not a step in Erber’s Hierarchy, but it is an important 
listening skill that occurs between the establishment of detection and 
discrimination 
• Discrimination- ability to tell difference between sounds and words 
• Identification- choosing a specific sound for a group  
• Comprehension- following directions, answering questions, .... 

The Ling Six Sounds are: 

• /m/ “mm” 
• /u/ “oo” 
• /i/ “ee” 
• /a/ “ah” 
• /∫ / “sh” 
• /s/ “s”

Articulation-based treatment

usually follows a 3-phase sequence- establishment (differentiate old and new way of sound), generalization, maintenance (going back to check kid can maintain sound) 

Components of phonological processing-  

1. Phonological awareness 

2. Phonological working memory  

3. Phonological retrieval  

The most efficient way to recognize patterns in behaviors is consider the ABC 

Antecedent- what goes on before the behavior 

Behavior- whatever the behavior is  

Consequence- what happens after the behavior