AB Power Engineering Lecture Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering agricultural power engineering, energy concepts, fuels, internal combustion engines, tractors, and electric motors based on the lecture notes by Engr. Alexis T. Belonio.

Agricultural Power Engineering

A field that focuses on the application of power and energy sources to enhance agricultural practices.

Energy

A property that enables things to do work or cause change, involving the ability to perform work or consume power.

Power

The rate at which energy is transferred or work is done, essentially measuring how quickly energy is being used.

Indicated Horsepower

The power generated at the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine.

Brake Horsepower

The usable power that is available at the driveshaft of a machine.

Drawbar Horsepower

The power required for pulling an implement or equipment.

Kinetic Energy

The energy an object possesses due to its motion, calculated by the formula $\frac{1}{2} m v^2$.

Potential Energy

The stored energy an object possesses due to its position, condition, or configuration, rather than its motion.

Viscosity

A property of fuel and lubricants that affects flow ease and resistance, particularly impacting pump and injector performance.

Flash Point

The lowest temperature at which a fuel can ignite, indicating its flammability and storage safety.

Cetane Number

A measure of a diesel fuel's ignition quality, influencing how easily it burns.

Octane Number

A number system indicating the ignition quality of gasoline fuel; unleaded gasoline with an 87 rating may cause knocking.

Calorific Value

The amount of heat released when a fuel is completely burned, also known as heating value or energy content.

Viscosity Index

An arbitrary, unit-less number indicating how much a lubricant's resistance to flow changes with temperature.

Thermal Stability

Refers to a lubricant's resistance to degradation at high temperatures, ensuring long-term effectiveness.

Pour Point

The lowest temperature of fuel at which it will flow under its own weight.

Cloud Point

The lowest temperature of fuel at which wax crystals begin to form, causing the fuel to appear hazy.

Higher Heating Value

The amount of energy which includes the latent heat of vaporization of water vapor produced during combustion.

Lower Heating Value

Energy content that excludes the latent heat of vaporization of moisture from the energy available in the fuel.

Penetrating Lubricants

Types of lubricants, such as WD-40, useful for treating stuck bolts, hinges, and other parts.

Human Power

The rate of work done by the human body, typically estimated at $0.1\,hp$ for an average adult.

Tool

A human-power implement without moving parts that facilitates mechanical manual operation.

Body Mass Index

The indicator used to evaluate weight adequacy in relation to the height of a human.

Draft Animal

Large domesticated four-footed animals used as power for agriculture, primarily for pulling implements or transport.

Harness

A device used to convert the energy of an animal into useful work by optimizing its potential for exerting force.

Yoke

The commonly used harness for bovine animals like oxen or water buffalo.

Internal Combustion Engine

An engine that burns fuel inside the cylinder to produce mechanical power.

Piston

The engine part that slides back and forth in the cylinder and transmits power to the crankshaft.

Stroke

The distance of piston movement from Top Dead Center to Bottom Dead Center.

Bore

The diameter of the engine cylinder.

Otto Cycle

The constant volume combustion cycle typically used in spark-ignition engines.

Diesel Cycle

The constant pressure combustion cycle typically used in compression-ignition engines.

Compression Ratio

The ratio of the total cylinder volume to the clearance volume.

Clearance Volume

the space in the cylinder when the piston is at the Top Dead Center.

Piston Displacement Volume

The volume displaced by the piston in making an upward or a downward stroke.

Firing Order

The sequence by which each cylinder in a multi-cylinder engine delivers its power stroke.

Crankshaft

The part of an engine that converts reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotary motion.

Blow-by

Leakage of compression or loss of pressure between the piston and the cylinder wall.

Detonation

The burning of a portion of fuel in the combustion chamber faster than desired, causing violent noises or pinging.

Governor

A mechanical device that controls the engine to a nearly constant speed under different load conditions.

Carburetor

A device that meters fuel and air in spark-ignition engines and mixes them before entering the combustion chamber.

Radiator

A heat exchanger used to cool hot water from the engine by using a fan to blow air through its fins.

Thermostat

A valve that regulates the flow of coolant to ensure the engine operates at the proper temperature.

Coolant

A fluid (often glycol-based) that circulates through a water-cooled engine system to absorb excess heat.

Agricultural Tractor

A vehicle designed to pull, propel, and supply power to operate machinery used in agricultural operations.

Power Take-Off (PTO)

An external drive shaft at the rear of a tractor that provides rotational power to implements.

Power Tiller

A two-wheeled, hand-operated tractor used primarily as a substitute for draft animals.

Ballast

A substance (like weights or calcium chloride in tires) added to a tractor to increase traction and stability.

Differential

A special arrangement of gears that permits driving wheels to rotate at different speeds for easy turning.

Tractive Efficiency

The ratio between the drawbar power delivered to an implement and the power available at the wheel axle.

Roll-over Protection Structure (ROPS)

A frame for compact-utility tractors designed to minimize serious injury to the operator from accidental upsets.

Transmission System

A mechanism equipped with gears and shafts through which engine power is transmitted to the tractor wheels.

Power Train

The complete path of power from the engine through the clutch, transmission, and differential to the wheels.

Clutch

A device that connects and disconnects the power input from the engine to the transmission system.

Final Drive

The gear reduction between the differential and driving wheel that transmits power at low speed but large torque.

Pferdestarke (PS)

The German term for metric horsepower, equivalent to $735.5\,watts$ or approximately $0.98\,hp$.

Electric Motor

A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to produce power.

Generator

A device that uses mechanical power (from a turbine or engine) to produce electricity.

Starting Torque

The motor torque at zero speed, representing the maximum torque required to start a load.

Rotor

The armature winding or rotating part of an electric motor, typically made of a laminated steel core.

Stator

The stationary part of an electric motor consisting of copper windings placed in a laminated iron core.

Neutral Wire

A conductor connected to the neutral point of the power source to provide a return path for unbalanced loads.