chemical kinetics

three parts of the kinetic molecular theory

1) everything is made up of particles.

2) these particles are always moving in a constant random motion.

3) these particles are always running into each other and their container.

three parts of the collision theory

chemicals must…

1) collide. no collision = no reaction.

2) be of the same molecular orientation (based on electronegativity).

3) have a sufficient amount of energy. the higher the temp, the higher the momentum.

how to increase the rate of reaction

1) increase temperature.

2) increase concentration.

3) insert a catalyst or inhibitor.

4) increase the surface area.

how do you find the rate law (rate = k [A]^m[B]ⁿ)?

look for a pattern in the given reaction table when the concentration is increased. is there no change (0th)? is the amount of product directly proportional to the concentration increase (1st)? is the amount of product the amount of concentration squared (2nd)?

how do you find the value of k?

after finding the rate law, isolate k > solve k = rate/[A]^m[B]ⁿ. (multiply [A][B] before dividing.)

how do you find the units for k?

review the khan academy video. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry-beta/x2eef969c74e0d802:kinetics/x2eef969c74e0d802:introduction-to-rate-law/v/finding-units-of-rate-constant-k

the 4 laws of thermodynamics

1) zeroeth (0th): heat from high to low temperatures.

2) first (1st): the total amount of energy and mass in the universe is constant.

3) second (2nd): the entropy (disorder) of the universe is always increasing.

4) third (3rd): temperature CANNOT reach absolute zero.

how to convert calories to joules

1 Calorie (nutritional calorie) = 1000 scientific calories; 1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000 scientific calories; 1 scientific calorie = 4.18 joules (J)