Biology 1101 OSU: Final

Parasitism

one organism benefits and the other doesn't (Cost)

Competition

is when both organisms are negatively effected

Commensalism

is when one organism is benefited and the other is neither benefited or costed

Mutualism

when both organisms are benefited (help each other)

Neutralism

when both organisms are neither both benefited nor costed

Symbiosis

Any two organism interacting with each other (any type of interaction)

Natural Selection requires:

1. Variation of Trait

2. Heritability

3. Differential Reproductive Success

what is an organisms evolutionary history shaped by

Natural selection due to the interactions they encountered

Mosses

No vascular tissue, no seeds, no flowers

Ferns

vascular tissue, no seeds, no flowers

Carboniferous Period

When ferns and amphibians were dominant and coal deposits formed because of the absence of detrivorous fungi specialized on plants

Gymnosperm

Vascular, seed bearing, no flowers (i.e. pine cone trees)

Angiosperm

vascular, seed bearing, flowering (apple tree)

pistil

the female part of a flower

stamen

the male part of the flower

Ecology

the study between an organism and their environment

What are the four levels of Ecology

1. individual: one organism

2. population: group of the same species

3. Community: Groups of different species interacting with one another in one area

4. Ecosystem: all living or non living organism that interact with one another in a particular area

Exponential Growth

the bigger the population, the faster it grows

Density-Dependent Factor

limitations on a population's growth that are a consequence of population density

Population Density

the number of individuals within a given area

Logistic Growth

When a population grows exponentially at first but it slows as the population size becomes large (S-shaped)

Maximum Sustainable Yield

As many individuals as possible are removed from the population without shrinking the population over time (at max. growth rate)

Developing Country

Higher birth rate and death rate (pyramid shaped)

Industrialized Country

Low Birth rate and death rate (rectangular shaped)

Demographic Transition

is a pattern of population growth that is experienced as a country industrializes

- Slow growth->Fast growth->Slow growth

Why is Human capacity hard to determine?

1. Expanding into new habitats

2. Increasing the agricultural productivity of the land

3. Finding ways to live at higher densities

Niche

where a species fits into the environment

Fundamental Niche

(where a species could grow), the extent a species could have if it didn't have to compete or wouldn't be limited in it's spread by geographical barriers

Realized Niche

(where a species does grow) where and how a species are actually living

True or False: Life histories are shaped by Natural Selection

True

Life Cycle

An organism's investment pattern in growth, reproduction, and survival

Competitive Exclusion

Two species battles for resources in the same niche until the more efficient of the two wins and other species is driven to extinction in that location

Resource Partitioning

is an alternative outcome of niche overlap; splitting the types of food between the two species (leads to displacement)

Character Displacement

Selection changed a trait of a species as a consequence of resource partitioning due to niche overlap

Physical Defense for reducing predation

1. Mechanical Defense: Physical Structure

2. Camouflage:Cryptic Coloration

3. Chemical Defense: Toxin

4. Warning Coloration

Mimicry

pretending to be something your not/faking it (looking toxic/dangerous or flowers looking like insects to mate with)

Energy flow within an ecosystem

1. Producers (plants)

2. Primary Consumer (herbivores)

3.Secondary Consumer (Carnivores)

4.Tertiary Consumer(Top Carnivores)

The "10% Rule"

only about 10% of the biomass from each tropic level is converted into biomass in the next tropic level

keystone species

a species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem

biodiversity

a measure of the community diversity, amount and ration of different species, in a given area.

food chain

linear path of chemical energy though organism

food web

interconnections of chemical energy in an ecosystems

True or False: Communities cant change or remain stable over time

False: they can

Succession

the change in species composition over time during the settlement of a plant community

Primary Succession

succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists

Secondary Succession

orderly change that occurs in a place where soil remains after a community of organisms has been removed

Biota

refers to the living components of the ecosystem

Climate

the major abiotic drivers of ecosystem (temperature/precipitation) especially terrestrial

Soil

is considered a living component of ecosystem; both abiotic factors (nutrients/water/etc.) and the biotia (fungi/bacteria/etc.)

what is important is that the two essential elements of an ecosystem are present: the biotic environment and abiotic environment

1. the biotic environment consist of all living organisms within an area and is often referred to as a community

2. the physical/abiotic environment, often referred to as the organisms' habitat consist of: the chemical resource, and the physical condition

Biomes

large ecosystems that occurs around the world

Terrestrial Biome

Determined by the temperature and precipitation

Aquatic Territory

determined by physical features, including salinity, water movement, and depth

what are the three most important element (chemical) cycle

1. Carbon

2. Nitrogen

3.Phosphorus

Basic Carbon Cycle of living

Air (Atmosphere)->Carbon Dioxide(Photosynthesis) ->Plants->Carbohydrates(eating)->animal->Carbon dioxide(cellular respiration)

greenhouse effect

1. a portion of energy from the sun passes through the atmosphere to warm earth's surface

2.some energy is reflected back toward space and escapes the atmosphere

3. some energy is absorbed by greenhouse gases and remains trapped in the atmosphere, heating the air

Greenhouse Gases

carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor

Positive Feedback Loop

when "A" causes "B" which results in "C" and "C" promotes or increase "A"

Negative Feedback Loop

when "A" causes "B", which results in "C" and "C" limits or reduces "A"

Emergent Properties

Characteristics of a system due to interacting parts. the whole is greater than the sum of the part

The Values of Biodiversity

1. provisioning service

2. cultural services

3. regulating service

4. habitat service

Economic Value

the monetary value of biodiversity to humans, often described as ecosystem services: consists of all the 4 values of biodiversity

Provisioning Service

useful products humans obtain from nature

cultural Service

aesthetic, symbolic, and spiritual values

Regulating Service

Climate regulation, waste decomposition

Habitat Service

The value to humans from soil formation, photosynthesis, and Nutrient cycling

Ethnobotany

studying traditional medical practices to determines active chemical

Factors that influence biodiversity

1. Solar energy available

2. Evolutionary history of an area

3. Rate of disturbance

Ecosystem Diversity

Many different ecosystem in one area

Species Diversity

The relative quantity of different species within the community

Exotic

species is foreign

Invasive

A species has the potential to take over a niche

Exotic Invasive

A foreign that is invasive, no natural predators, other species haven't evolved defenses

Native Invasive

A local/native species that conferred a reproductive advantage over all the others in local community because of an environmental disturbance

Eutrophication

The increase in nutrients in an ecosystem

Organic Compounds

compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Inorganic Compound

A compound that does not contain carbon

Variation in Primary Productivity

1. Large-based pyramid

2. Small-based pyramid

3. Inverted Pyramid

Large-Based Pyramid

-supports a relatively large biomass of consumers

-common in rain forests, marshes, and algal beds

Small-Based Pyramid

-reduced ability to support consumers

-common in deserts, tundras and open oceans

Inverted Pyramid

-small biomass of producers supports a relatively large biomass of consumers

-occurs in some aquatic ecosystems where plankton are producers

Bio-geochemistry

chemical interaction between organisms and the abiotic environment

Watershed

An ecosystem where all water runoff drains into a single body of water

Wetlands

a lowland area, such as a marsh or swamp, that is saturated with moisture, especially when regarded as the natural habitat of wildlife.

What was the ultimate advantage of the evolution of the vascular system in plants

They can grow taller since water can be transported more easily throughout the body of the plant

What is an advantage (to a plant) for producing a fleshy fruit?

Seed dispersal

What substance is plastic very similar to? It also took a long time before fungus and bacteria evolved to utilize this substance as a food source.

Cellulose

Studies link diet to higher biodiversity of the gut biome in non-westernized rural children, and decreased biodiversity and obesity in children exposed to house hold disinfectants (many westernized children). What is the mechanism most likely responsible for both of these cases.

Natural Selection

If we study interactions between lobsters and the local cod population in Maine what level of ecology are we studying?

Communities

Is population ever fully stable

NO

As the nation that has high birth and death rates moves towards industrialization, what would be an immediate effect?

1. Birth rates would remain high

2. Death rates would decrease

Character displacement is an evolutionary change that allows for;

1. One species to out compete the other species in the local area

2. reduces competition between the two species in the local area

What other two species interactions, other than competition, influence the evolution of both species involved in the interaction?

1. Parasitism (predator/prey)

2. Mutualism

Carbon is recycled, so why is global atmospheric CO2 levels rising?

Because fossil fuels are outside the carbon cycle

Why does CO2 rise and then fall every year?

At one point of the year most land plants photosynthesize, but at another point they stop photosynthesizing while heterotrophs still respire

How does deforestation influence climate?

1. Deforestation = less CO2 is removed from the atmosphere and changes water evaporation patterns

2. Deforestation = more CO2 is released into the atmosphere when forests are cleared and burned, and changes water evaporation patterns

How can an aquatic ecosystem maintain an inverted energy pyramid

The aquatic producers (algae) reproduce very quickly compared to the producers of terrestrial systems (grasses/trees)

What do you think will happen to the higher consumer population numbers (secondary and tertiary consumers) in those 50 days?

It would remain relatively stable

The reproductive cycle of zooplankton (primary consumer) is short so they increase rapidly in numbers, but since secondary consumers don't increase in response to the primary consumers then most just die a sink to the ocean floor. Additionally there are so many autotrophs produced that the primary consumers can't eat them all and they also fall to the ocean floor. What will happen...(DO = dissolved oxygen)

DO will decrease killing many higher consumers/detrivores

True or False: Can Disruption of an ecosystems cause reduction in human biodiversity?

true