AP Psych Unit 5

Health psychology

explores impact of psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors on heath and wellness

psychoneuoimmuniology

psychological, neural, and endocrine processes effecting our immune system

Distress

Negative stress, bad

Eustress

Positive stress, stress that benefits us

Stressors

anything perceived as challenging

Adaptation

change in response to a stressor

Approach and avoidance motives

drive to move towards (approach) or away from (avoid) a stimulus

Approach-Approach

Choosing between 2 things you like, (Picking 2 menu items or 2 colleges you like)

Avoidance-Avoidance

Picking between 2 things you don’t want to do, (picking between 2 chores) you wait to procrastinate

Approach-Avoidance

one event/goal has attractive and unattractive features (Offered a job for more money but have a longer commute)

Multiple Approach-avoidance

chose between two or more things, each having desirable and undesirable features, (picking between 2 colleges)

General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)

the bod’s adaptive response to stress in 3 phrases, (1. Alarm 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion)

Alarm (GAS)

Phase 1, disrupts homeostasis, your nervous system is activated and you feel shock

Resistance (GAS)

body fights back to the stress, temperature, blood pressure, respiration remain high, adrenal glands pump adrenaline and cortisol

Exhaustion (GAS)

rest allowed enhanced adaptation, failure to rest causes injury, illness, or failure to adapt later

Tend-and-befriend response

under stress (mostly women) people start to nurture themselves and others by bonding and seeking support from others

Coronary Heart Disease

clogging of vessels that nourish the heart muscles, Leading cause of death in very developed countries

Coping

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

Emotion-focused coping

attempt to avoid stressors, but does not solve the issue (watching a movie instead of studying)

Problem-focused coping

associated with greater stress reduction, feeling more in control (Procrastinating but finishing)

Personal control

sense of controlling our environment, rather than helpless feeling

Learned helplessness

the hopeless and passive resignation and animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

External locus of control

outside factors that affect our lives (due to luck or fate)

Internal locus of control

we direct our own fate, correlated with achievement and health (Free will)

Positive Psychology

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of promoting strengths and virtues that foster well-being, resilience, and positive emotions, and that help individuals and communities to thrive

Subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

A persons willingness to help when they are in a good mood

Adaptation-level phenomenon

our ability to form judgments based off of our neutral level, neutral level is based by our prior experiences

Relative deprivation

the perception that we are worse off than the person we compare ourselves to

broaden and build theory

positive emotions broaden awareness which overtime boosts well-being

Character strengths and virtues

a classification system to identify positive traits; organized into categories of wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence

Resilience

the personal strength that helps people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

Psychological disorder

a disturbance in people’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that causes distress or suffering and impairs their daily lives

Medical model

concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and possibly cured

Epigenetics

study of the molecular mechanisms in which the environment can influence gene expression

DSM-5-TR

system of classifying psychological disorders

Anxiety disorders

group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety with related behaviors

Social anxiety disorder

intense fear and avoidance of social situations

Generalized anxiety disorder

a person is always tense, apprehensive, and nervous system active

Panic disorder

anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable episodes of intense dread (a panic attack)

Agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one may experience a loss of control and panic

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

Hoarding disorder

a persistent difficulty parting with possessions, regardless of their value

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Depressive disorders

enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person’s ability to function

Bipolar disorders

a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.

Persistent depressive disorder

people experience a depressed mood on more days than not for at least 2 years (formerly called dysthymia.)

Bipolar I Disorder

the most severe form, in which people experience a euphoric, talkative, highly energetic, and overly ambitious state that lasts a week or longer

Mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common

Bipolar II Disorder

a less severe form in which people move between depression and a milder hypomania

Rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes

Schizophrenia spectrum disorder

group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized or unusual motor behavior, and negative symptoms; includes schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder

Psychotic disorder

group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

Chronic schizophrenia

type of schizophrenia, symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten

Acute schizophrenia

a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age; frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely

Dissociative disorders

group of disorders characterized by a disruption of or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. (Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

Dissociative amnesia

people with intact brains reportedly experience memory gaps; people may report not remembering trauma-related specific events, people, places, or aspects of their identity and life history.

Personality disorders

a group of disorders characterized by enduring inner experiences or behavior patterns that differ from someone’s cultural norms and expectations, are pervasive and inflexible, begin in adolescence or early adulthood, are stable over time, and cause distress or impairment

Antisocial personality disorder

a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

Neurodevelopmental disorders

central nervous system abnormalities (usually in the brain) that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellectual limitations or a psychological disorder)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

appears in childhood and is marked by limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Denationalization

the process, begun in the late twentieth century, of moving people with psychological disorders out of institutional facilities

Behavior therapists

therapy that uses learning principles to reduce unwanted behaviors

Counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to promote new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

Exposure therapies

behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid

Systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat specific phobias

Virtual reality therapy

a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face specific fears

Aversive conditioning

associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

Token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats

Cognitive therapies

teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction

Family therapy

therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Confirmation bias

tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Meta-analysis

a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

Therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem

Psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorders

anti anxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation; Xanax, depressed central nervous system

Antidepressant drugs

rugs used to treat depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized person

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

Posthypnotic suggestions

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors